In 1529, after the last of the Anabaptists’ first leadershad been burned at the stake, the recent convert Jakob Hutter became a missionaryand leader in their underground congregations. These fellowships held theirgoods in common and abjured violence, seeking to live according to Jesus’teachings. Ferdinand, ruler of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor), sought tostamp out this movement through a campaign of surveillance, torture, andexecutions. Many Anabaptists fled to more tolerant Moravia; as the repressionin Austria intensified, Hutter and his future wife Katharina followed them. Butin 1535, Ferdinand pressured the governor of Moravia to expel the refugees fromtheir homes. The Hutters returned to the mission field in Tyrol, where theywere soon captured by Ferdinand’s forces; Jakob would be burned, Katharina was drownedtwo years later.