Alaina E. Roberts teaches history at the University of Pittsburgh.

• ContentsIntroductionChapter 1. The First Settlers of Indian TerritoryChapter 2. Emancipation and InterventionChapter 3. Whose Racial Paradise?Chapter 4. The Last WaveEpilogueNotesIndexAcknowledgments

"I've Been Here All the While masterfully untangles the many complicated arrangements in the U.S. government's settlement of Indian Territory and its imposition of racial categories and restrictions. . . . Roberts's original book will cause historians to reexamine generalities about Indigenous and Black people in Oklahoma and their empowerment and identity; and to extend the story of Reconstruction and its aftermath westward in time and space." (Library Journal) "In a lovingly personal narrative, Roberts weaves her familial history with Works Progress Administration slave narratives and testimony from the Dawes Commission to reveal that both Natives and Black people could be, at varying times, victims and perpetrators of settler colonialism." (Journal of Southern History) "Roberts brings a unique sensibility to her tale. She positions herself thoughtfully between subject and object, treating the stories collected from kith and kin with a receptive yet critical stance. These family histories are gracefully interwoven with interpretation from documentary sources. . . . I've Been Here All the While will endure and inspire." (Journal of the Civil War Era) "Exploring race and the making and remaking of Indian Territory and later Oklahoma, [I've Been Here All the While] broadens and complicates how we think about claims to land, community formation, and race in the West, making it a well-timed and welcome read [that is] hard to put down." (The Journal of African American Studies) "Roberts's book is refreshing in both its complexity and conciseness...While well-written and engaging, the most heroic feat of the text is the author's willingness to confront the realities of Oklahoma territorial history and take a deep dive into the nuances of settler colonialism, enslavement, dispossession, and wealth that outline the experiences of generations of diverse people...The book is a welcome addition to historical scholarship on landrights and political economy while also a weighty perspective on the relationships and experiences of past and present." (The Chronicles of Oklahoma) "[A] moving historical account of land, power, and settler colonialism in Indian Territory...Roberts has added compelling insights to this impressive and still-growing historiography." (New Mexico Historical Review) "In I've Been Here All the While, historian Alaina E. Roberts tells a riveting story about Indian Territory in the Reconstruction era that illuminates a broader national moment. A descendant of the African Americans, Chickasaws, and white settlers about whom she writes, Roberts speaks in a bold voice and advances a provocative argument, urging readers to see how the various groups who migrated to Indian Territory by choice or by force all consciously participated in a process of settler colonialism and thus a national narrative. Scholars of the U.S. West, African American history and Native American history, and descendants of the many populations Roberts carefully recovers and calls to account, will want to contend with the complex portrayal she offers of family, land, hope, and loss." (Tiya Miles, author of The Dawn of Detroit: A Chronicle of Slavery and Freedom in the City of the Straits) "A revealing and heartfelt book. Alaina E. Roberts' study, clear-eyed and richly ironic, is of the tangled story of Blacks, Indians, and whites during those years when the reconstructing nation was sorting out who would be in and out of the American family. Her focus is one of the most underappreciated theaters of that story, Indian Territory. More broadly, Roberts has given us as well something of a meditation on the universal human desire for home and belonging." (Elliott West, author of The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado) "In her elegant book, Alaina E. Roberts powerfully illuminates themes of freedom, ownership, belonging, citizenship, opportunity, land, and colonialism in the crucible of mid-nineteenth-century Indian Territory." (Kathleen DuVal, author of Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution) "Combining family history and rigorous research, this brilliant text deepens our understanding of post-Civil War Reconstruction by interrogating what happened in Indian Territory, revealing the layered wreckage wrought on the Native nations and formerly enslaved Africans, all entrapped in the pernicious logic of settler-colonialism." (Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, author of An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States)

Alaina E. Roberts teaches history at the University of Pittsburgh.

• ContentsIntroductionChapter 1. The First Settlers of Indian TerritoryChapter 2. Emancipation and InterventionChapter 3. Whose Racial Paradise?Chapter 4. The Last WaveEpilogueNotesIndexAcknowledgments

"I've Been Here All the While masterfully untangles the many complicated arrangements in the U.S. government's settlement of Indian Territory and its imposition of racial categories and restrictions. . . . Roberts's original book will cause historians to reexamine generalities about Indigenous and Black people in Oklahoma and their empowerment and identity; and to extend the story of Reconstruction and its aftermath westward in time and space." (Library Journal) "In a lovingly personal narrative, Roberts weaves her familial history with Works Progress Administration slave narratives and testimony from the Dawes Commission to reveal that both Natives and Black people could be, at varying times, victims and perpetrators of settler colonialism." (Journal of Southern History) "Roberts brings a unique sensibility to her tale. She positions herself thoughtfully between subject and object, treating the stories collected from kith and kin with a receptive yet critical stance. These family histories are gracefully interwoven with interpretation from documentary sources. . . . I've Been Here All the While will endure and inspire." (Journal of the Civil War Era) "Exploring race and the making and remaking of Indian Territory and later Oklahoma, [I've Been Here All the While] broadens and complicates how we think about claims to land, community formation, and race in the West, making it a well-timed and welcome read [that is] hard to put down." (The Journal of African American Studies) "Roberts's book is refreshing in both its complexity and conciseness...While well-written and engaging, the most heroic feat of the text is the author's willingness to confront the realities of Oklahoma territorial history and take a deep dive into the nuances of settler colonialism, enslavement, dispossession, and wealth that outline the experiences of generations of diverse people...The book is a welcome addition to historical scholarship on landrights and political economy while also a weighty perspective on the relationships and experiences of past and present." (The Chronicles of Oklahoma) "[A] moving historical account of land, power, and settler colonialism in Indian Territory...Roberts has added compelling insights to this impressive and still-growing historiography." (New Mexico Historical Review) "In I've Been Here All the While, historian Alaina E. Roberts tells a riveting story about Indian Territory in the Reconstruction era that illuminates a broader national moment. A descendant of the African Americans, Chickasaws, and white settlers about whom she writes, Roberts speaks in a bold voice and advances a provocative argument, urging readers to see how the various groups who migrated to Indian Territory by choice or by force all consciously participated in a process of settler colonialism and thus a national narrative. Scholars of the U.S. West, African American history and Native American history, and descendants of the many populations Roberts carefully recovers and calls to account, will want to contend with the complex portrayal she offers of family, land, hope, and loss." (Tiya Miles, author of The Dawn of Detroit: A Chronicle of Slavery and Freedom in the City of the Straits) "A revealing and heartfelt book. Alaina E. Roberts' study, clear-eyed and richly ironic, is of the tangled story of Blacks, Indians, and whites during those years when the reconstructing nation was sorting out who would be in and out of the American family. Her focus is one of the most underappreciated theaters of that story, Indian Territory. More broadly, Roberts has given us as well something of a meditation on the universal human desire for home and belonging." (Elliott West, author of The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado) "In her elegant book, Alaina E. Roberts powerfully illuminates themes of freedom, ownership, belonging, citizenship, opportunity, land, and colonialism in the crucible of mid-nineteenth-century Indian Territory." (Kathleen DuVal, author of Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution) "Combining family history and rigorous research, this brilliant text deepens our understanding of post-Civil War Reconstruction by interrogating what happened in Indian Territory, revealing the layered wreckage wrought on the Native nations and formerly enslaved Africans, all entrapped in the pernicious logic of settler-colonialism." (Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, author of An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States)

Alaina E. Roberts teaches history at the University of Pittsburgh.

• ContentsIntroductionChapter 1. The First Settlers of Indian TerritoryChapter 2. Emancipation and InterventionChapter 3. Whose Racial Paradise?Chapter 4. The Last WaveEpilogueNotesIndexAcknowledgments

"I've Been Here All the While masterfully untangles the many complicated arrangements in the U.S. government's settlement of Indian Territory and its imposition of racial categories and restrictions. . . . Roberts's original book will cause historians to reexamine generalities about Indigenous and Black people in Oklahoma and their empowerment and identity; and to extend the story of Reconstruction and its aftermath westward in time and space." (Library Journal) "In a lovingly personal narrative, Roberts weaves her familial history with Works Progress Administration slave narratives and testimony from the Dawes Commission to reveal that both Natives and Black people could be, at varying times, victims and perpetrators of settler colonialism." (Journal of Southern History) "Roberts brings a unique sensibility to her tale. She positions herself thoughtfully between subject and object, treating the stories collected from kith and kin with a receptive yet critical stance. These family histories are gracefully interwoven with interpretation from documentary sources. . . . I've Been Here All the While will endure and inspire." (Journal of the Civil War Era) "Exploring race and the making and remaking of Indian Territory and later Oklahoma, [I've Been Here All the While] broadens and complicates how we think about claims to land, community formation, and race in the West, making it a well-timed and welcome read [that is] hard to put down." (The Journal of African American Studies) "Roberts's book is refreshing in both its complexity and conciseness...While well-written and engaging, the most heroic feat of the text is the author's willingness to confront the realities of Oklahoma territorial history and take a deep dive into the nuances of settler colonialism, enslavement, dispossession, and wealth that outline the experiences of generations of diverse people...The book is a welcome addition to historical scholarship on landrights and political economy while also a weighty perspective on the relationships and experiences of past and present." (The Chronicles of Oklahoma) "[A] moving historical account of land, power, and settler colonialism in Indian Territory...Roberts has added compelling insights to this impressive and still-growing historiography." (New Mexico Historical Review) "In I've Been Here All the While, historian Alaina E. Roberts tells a riveting story about Indian Territory in the Reconstruction era that illuminates a broader national moment. A descendant of the African Americans, Chickasaws, and white settlers about whom she writes, Roberts speaks in a bold voice and advances a provocative argument, urging readers to see how the various groups who migrated to Indian Territory by choice or by force all consciously participated in a process of settler colonialism and thus a national narrative. Scholars of the U.S. West, African American history and Native American history, and descendants of the many populations Roberts carefully recovers and calls to account, will want to contend with the complex portrayal she offers of family, land, hope, and loss." (Tiya Miles, author of The Dawn of Detroit: A Chronicle of Slavery and Freedom in the City of the Straits) "A revealing and heartfelt book. Alaina E. Roberts' study, clear-eyed and richly ironic, is of the tangled story of Blacks, Indians, and whites during those years when the reconstructing nation was sorting out who would be in and out of the American family. Her focus is one of the most underappreciated theaters of that story, Indian Territory. More broadly, Roberts has given us as well something of a meditation on the universal human desire for home and belonging." (Elliott West, author of The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado) "In her elegant book, Alaina E. Roberts powerfully illuminates themes of freedom, ownership, belonging, citizenship, opportunity, land, and colonialism in the crucible of mid-nineteenth-century Indian Territory." (Kathleen DuVal, author of Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution) "Combining family history and rigorous research, this brilliant text deepens our understanding of post-Civil War Reconstruction by interrogating what happened in Indian Territory, revealing the layered wreckage wrought on the Native nations and formerly enslaved Africans, all entrapped in the pernicious logic of settler-colonialism." (Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, author of An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States)