Uğur Zekeriya Peçe is Assistant Professor of History at Lehigh University.

• AcknowledgmentsNote on Names and SpellingIntroduction: No Refugee Is an Island1. Fear and Trembling in the Mediterranean:Civil War in Crete and the Birth of a Refugee Question2. Sheltering Mountain:The European Military Intervention and the Exodus of Crete's Muslims3. Adaptability in Vulnerability:The Muslim Minority in Autonomous Crete, 1898–1908 4. Crete or Death":Sounds of Protest in the Ottoman Empire 5. Resettling the Displaced into History:Refugee Boycotters in the Ottoman Protest MovementConclusion: Against Violence: Worse Than Refugeehood Is DeathAbbreviations Used in NotesNotesBibliographyIndex

"Among the many achievements of this extraordinary book are its lessons in why and how turn-of-the-century imperial interventions in culturally intimate Greek and Turkish communities contributed to the entrenchment of narratives of unbridgeable clash of civilizations. Uğur Peçe's Island and Empire is an essential read to make sense of the roots of the disorder in the contemporary world."—Cemil Aydin, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill "An eloquently written and exhaustively researched analysis of two connected episodes of displacement in the late Ottoman Empire, Island and Empire reveals the pitfalls of sectarian and state-centric interpretations of civil strife. Uğur Peçe offers a compelling revisionist history of refugee agency in collective action,the perils of foreign tutelage for communal peace, and the enduring legacies of violence."—Hasan Kayali, University of California, San Diego "This is an eye-opening study of the usually ignored lower classes and their impact on the civil war in Crete and later on Anatolia's urban Greek populations. Recommended."—S. Bowman, CHOICE