Islamic History and Law

Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul is Associate Professor at Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates. He received his PhD from McGill University, Canada, in Middle East and Islamic Studies. His areas of interest and expertise include modern and contemporary history of the Middle East, international relations, orientalism, and Middle East and Islamic studies. He has published numerous articles and is author of International Treaties (Mu'ahadat) in Islam.

• Introduction: The Fourth Period: Application and the Era of the Mujtahids1.The Period of Ta?b?q (application): The Era of Mujtahids of Legal Questions2.Jurists Inclined to Taql?d (tradition) and the Closure of the Gate of Ijtih?d 3.The Codification (Tadw?n) Movement and the Period of Application (Ta?b?q)Concluding Remarks