ISE Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy: A Laboratory Dissection Guide

Ed Zalisko is a professor in the biology department at Blackburn College, Carlinville, IL. He received his Ph.D. in zoology from Washington State University and an MA and BA in zoology from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. He has taught courses in comparative anatomy, human anatomy and physiology, developmental biology, cell biology, zoology, and human reproductive biology. Ken Kardong is a professor in the zoology department at Washington State University, Pullman, WA.  He received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois and his MS and BA from the University of Washington.  In addition to teaching comparative anatomy and evolution, Ken is also involved in developing software programs for use in the laboratory sections of these courses.

• 1  Introduction 1Classification and Comparison 1Defining the Chordates 1Chordate Characteristics 2Studying Advice 6Laboratory Strategy 6Designing for Students 62  Protochordates 8Protochordates 8Hemichordata 8Cephalochordata 10Urochordata (Tunicates) 163  Agnathans—Examination of a Basal Vertebrate: The Lamprey 18Agnathans 18Myxini—Hagfishes 18Petromyzoniformes—Lampreys 18The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates: Shifts inFeeding Mechanisms 20Adult Lamprey Anatomy 22External Anatomy 22Sagittal and Cross Sections 22Anatomy of the Lamprey (Ammocoete) Larva 27Whole Mount 27Cross Section through the Pharynx 28Cross Section through the Trunk 284  Vertebrate Integuments 29Introduction 29Dermis 29Epidermis 30Examination of Vertebrate Integuments 31Fishes 31Tetrapods 33Specializations of the Integument 37Nails, Claws, and Hooves 37Horns and Antlers 37Baleen 385  Skeletal Systems 40Tissues of the Skeletal System 40Cartilage 41Bone 42Divisions of the Skeletal System 43Postcranial Skeleton 43Vertebrae and Ribs 43Girdles and Limbs 52Skull 67Introduction 67The Composite Skull 67Cranial Skeleton 69Elasmobranchii—Shark 69Osteichthyes—Amia (Bowfin) 71Amphibia—Necturus 72Reptilia 72Aves 78Dorsal and Lateral Views 79Ventral and Posterior Views 80Sclerotic Ring and Hyoid 80Mammalia—Cat 80Teeth 84Tooth Anatomy 84Sharks—Homodontand Polyphyodont Teeth 84Amphibia/Salamander—Homodont and Polyphyodont Teeth 84Reptiles/Alligator—Homodontand Polyphyodont Teeth 85Mammal—Heterodont and Diphyodont Teeth 85Pattern of Evolutionary Change 866  Muscular Systems and External Anatomy 89Introduction 89Terminology 89Actions 90General Muscle Groups 90Dissection 90The Process 90General Safety Precautions 91External Anatomy 91Shark Dissection 91External Anatomy 91Skinning the Shark 92Musculature 92Necturus 100External Anatomy 100Dissection 100Musculature 100Cat 106External Anatomy 106Approach 106Musculature 1077  Digestive Systems 132Introduction 132Shark 132Pleuroperitoneal Cavity 132Pericardial Cavity 137Necturus 137Pleuroperitoneal Cavity 137Pericardial Cavity 139Cat 139Salivary Glands 139Oral Cavity 140Structures of the Thoracic Region 142Abdomen 1448  Circulatory and Respiratory Systems 147Introduction 147Respiratory System 147Circulatory System 147Shark 147Pericardial Cavity 147Respiratory System and Branchial Arteries 148Pleuroperitoneal Cavity 151Necturus 155The Heart, Branches of the Ventral Aorta, and Gills 155Dorsal Aorta and Lungs 157Hepatic Portal System 161Systemic Veins 161Cat 162Heart and Its Major Vessels 162Respiratory System 165Precava 168Dorsal Aorta 169Postcava 170Hepatic Portal System 1729  Urogenital Systems 174Shark 174Male Urogenital System 174Female Urogenital System 176Necturus 179Male Urogenital System 179Female Urogenital System 181Cat 181Male Urogenital System 181Female Urogenital System 18410  Nervous Systems 187Introduction 187Nerve Function 188Spinal Nerves 188Cranial Nerves 189Shark 192Dissection Procedure 192Brain (Dorsal Aspect) 193Cranial Nerves 193Brain (Ventral Aspect) 196Brain (Sagittal Aspect) 197Sheep Brain 197Overview—Whole Brain 197Cranial Nerves—Whole Brains(Figure 10.11) 202Brain Regions—Sagittal Sections(Figure 10.12) 202Brain Stem—Parts (Figure 10.13) 204Spinal Nerves 204Glossary 206Index 213Student Note Book 239Master List of Relevant Roots 388