Daniel Minoli has many years' experience providing telecommunications, networking, and IT architecture guidance and solutions for such organizations as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), Bell Telephone Laboratories, ITT, Prudential Securities, Bell Communications Research (Bellcore/Telcordia), AT&T, Capital One Financial, SES Americom, New York University, Rutgers University, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Société Générale de Financement de Québec. An author of numerous core references on information technology, telecommunications, and data communications, he has also written columns for Computerworld, Network World, and Network Computing.

• Preface xiiiAbout the Author xv1 Introduction to Ip Multicast 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Why Multicast Protocols are Wanted/Needed 31.3 Basic Multicast Protocols and Concepts 51.4 IPTV and DVB-H Applications 111.5 Course of Investigation 21Appendix 1.A: Multicast IETF Request for Comments 21Appendix 1.B: Multicast Bibliography 23References 232 Multicast Addressing for Payload 262.1 IP Multicast Addresses 262.1.1 Limited Scope Addresses 292.1.2 GLOP Addressing 302.1.3 Generic IPv4 Addressing 302.2 Layer 2 Multicast Addresses 312.2.1 Ethernet MAC Address Mapping 312.3 MPEG-Layer Addresses 33References 383 Multicast Payload Forwarding 393.1 Multicasting on a LAN Segment 403.2 Multicasting between Network Segments 403.3 Multicast Distribution Trees 413.4 Multicast Forwarding: Reverse Path Forwarding 473.5 Multicast Forwarding: Center-Based Tree Algorithm 483.6 Implementing IP Multicast in a Network 49References 504 Dynamic Host Registration—internet Group Management Protocol 514.1 IGMP Messages 524.2 IGMPv3 Messages 554.3 IGMP Operation 61Appendix 4.A: Protocol Details for IGMPv 2 634.A.1 Overview 634.A.2 Protocol Description 644.A.3 Receiver (Host) State Diagram 654.A.4 Router State Diagram 69Appendix 4.B: IGMP Snooping Switches 72Appendix 4.C: Example of Router Configurations 76References 775 Multicast Routing—sparse-mode Protocols: Protocol Independent Multicast 785.1 Introduction to PIM 795.2 PIM SM Details 835.2.1 Approach 865.2.2 PIM SM Protocol Overview 865.2.3 Detailed Protocol Description 945.2.4 Packet Formats 114References 1246 Multicast Routing—sparse-mode Protocols: Core-based Trees 1256.1 Motivation 1266.2 Basic Operation 1276.3 CBT Components and Functions 1296.3.1 CBT Control Message Retransmission Strategy 1316.3.2 Nonmember Sending 1316.4 Core Router Discovery 1316.5 Protocol Specification Details 1326.5.1 CBT HELLO Protocol 1336.5.2 JOIN_REQUEST Processing 1346.5.3 JOIN_ACK Processing 1356.5.4 QUIT_NOTIFICATION Processing 1356.5.5 ECHO_REQUEST Processing 1366.5.6 ECHO_REPLY Processing 1376.5.7 FLUSH_TREE Processing 1376.5.8 Nonmember Sending 1386.5.9 Timers and Default Values 1386.5.10 CBT Packet Formats and Message Types 1386.5.11 Core Router Discovery 1426.6 CBT Version 3 1456.6.1 The First Step: Joining the Tree 1456.6.2 Transient State 1466.6.3 Getting ‘‘On Tree’’ 1466.6.4 Pruning and Prune State 1476.6.5 The Forwarding Cache 1476.6.6 Packet Forwarding 1486.6.7 The ‘‘Keepalive’’ Protocol 1486.6.8 Control Message Precedence and Forwarding Criteria 1496.6.9 Broadcast LANs 1496.6.10 The ‘‘all-cbt-routers’’ Group 1506.6.11 Nonmember Sending 150References 1517 Multicast Routing—dense-mode Protocols: Pim Dm 1527.1 Overview 1527.2 Basic PIM DM Behavior 1537.3 Protocol Specification 1557.3.1 PIM Protocol State 1567.3.2 Data Packet Forwarding Rules 1587.3.3 Hello Messages 1597.3.4 PIM DM Prune, Join, and Graft Messages 1607.3.5 State Refresh 1707.3.6 PIM Assert Messages 1757.3.7 PIM Packet Formats 182References 1848 other Dense-mode Multicast Routing Protocols: Dvmrp and Mospf 1858.1 Distance Vector Multicast Algorithm 1858.1.1 Overview 1858.1.2 Basic DVMRP Operation 1868.2 Multicast OSPF 190References 1939 IP MULTICASTING IN IPv6 ENVIRONMENTS 1949.1 Opportunities Offered by IPv 6 1949.2 Introductory Overview of IPv 6 1969.2.1 IPv6 Benefits 1979.2.2 Traditional Addressing Classes for IPv 4 1989.2.3 Network Address Translation Issues in IPv 4 1999.2.4 IPv6 Address Space 2009.2.5 Basic Protocol Constructs 2019.2.6 IPv6 Autoconfiguration 2049.3 Migration and Coexistence 2089.4 Multicast with IPv 6 2119.4.1 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 2119.4.2 MAC Layer Addresses 2119.4.3 Signaling 2139.4.4 RP Approaches 213References 21310 Multicast Listener Discovery 21510.1 Overview of MLDv 1 21610.2 Message Format 21610.3 Protocol Description 21810.4 Node State Transition Diagram 22010.5 Router State Transition Diagram 22310.6 Overview of MLDv 2 22610.6.1 Protocol Overview 22710.6.2 Building Multicast Listening State on Multicast Address Listeners 22810.6.3 Exchanging Messages between the Querier and the Listening Nodes 22810.6.4 Building Multicast Address Listener State on Multicast Routers 23010.7 Source Filtering 232References 23311 Iptv Applications 23411.1 Overview and Motivation 23411.2 Basic Architecture 23611.2.1 Content Aggregation Subsystem 24411.2.2 Uniform Transcoding Subsystem 24511.2.3 Conditional-Access Management Subsystem 25111.2.4 Encapsulation Subsystem 25811.2.5 Long-Haul Distribution Subsystem 26211.2.6 Local Distribution Subsystem 26411.2.7 Middleware Subsystem 26711.2.8 Set-Top Boxes 26711.2.9 Catcher (for VoD Services) 269Appendix 11.A: Serial Digital Interface Basics 269Appendix 11.B: MPEG Basics 27111.B.1 MPEG-2 Transport/Multiplexing Mechanisms 27111.B.2 IPTV/IP Transmission over TS Logical Channels 27911.B.3 Compression Technology 281Appendix 11.C: Encapsulation for Transmission of IP Datagrams over MPEG-2/DVB Networks 298References 30012 Dvb-h: High-quality TV to Cell Phones 30312.1 Background and Motivation 30412.2 Basic DVB-H Technology 31112.2.1 DVB-H Mobile Devices 315Appendix 12.A: Open Mobile Video Coalition Efforts 317References 318Glossary 319Index 349

Daniel Minoli has many years' experience providing telecommunications, networking, and IT architecture guidance and solutions for such organizations as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), Bell Telephone Laboratories, ITT, Prudential Securities, Bell Communications Research (Bellcore/Telcordia), AT&T, Capital One Financial, SES Americom, New York University, Rutgers University, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Société Générale de Financement de Québec. An author of numerous core references on information technology, telecommunications, and data communications, he has also written columns for Computerworld, Network World, and Network Computing.

• Preface xiiiAbout the Author xv1 Introduction to Ip Multicast 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Why Multicast Protocols are Wanted/Needed 31.3 Basic Multicast Protocols and Concepts 51.4 IPTV and DVB-H Applications 111.5 Course of Investigation 21Appendix 1.A: Multicast IETF Request for Comments 21Appendix 1.B: Multicast Bibliography 23References 232 Multicast Addressing for Payload 262.1 IP Multicast Addresses 262.1.1 Limited Scope Addresses 292.1.2 GLOP Addressing 302.1.3 Generic IPv4 Addressing 302.2 Layer 2 Multicast Addresses 312.2.1 Ethernet MAC Address Mapping 312.3 MPEG-Layer Addresses 33References 383 Multicast Payload Forwarding 393.1 Multicasting on a LAN Segment 403.2 Multicasting between Network Segments 403.3 Multicast Distribution Trees 413.4 Multicast Forwarding: Reverse Path Forwarding 473.5 Multicast Forwarding: Center-Based Tree Algorithm 483.6 Implementing IP Multicast in a Network 49References 504 Dynamic Host Registration—internet Group Management Protocol 514.1 IGMP Messages 524.2 IGMPv3 Messages 554.3 IGMP Operation 61Appendix 4.A: Protocol Details for IGMPv 2 634.A.1 Overview 634.A.2 Protocol Description 644.A.3 Receiver (Host) State Diagram 654.A.4 Router State Diagram 69Appendix 4.B: IGMP Snooping Switches 72Appendix 4.C: Example of Router Configurations 76References 775 Multicast Routing—sparse-mode Protocols: Protocol Independent Multicast 785.1 Introduction to PIM 795.2 PIM SM Details 835.2.1 Approach 865.2.2 PIM SM Protocol Overview 865.2.3 Detailed Protocol Description 945.2.4 Packet Formats 114References 1246 Multicast Routing—sparse-mode Protocols: Core-based Trees 1256.1 Motivation 1266.2 Basic Operation 1276.3 CBT Components and Functions 1296.3.1 CBT Control Message Retransmission Strategy 1316.3.2 Nonmember Sending 1316.4 Core Router Discovery 1316.5 Protocol Specification Details 1326.5.1 CBT HELLO Protocol 1336.5.2 JOIN_REQUEST Processing 1346.5.3 JOIN_ACK Processing 1356.5.4 QUIT_NOTIFICATION Processing 1356.5.5 ECHO_REQUEST Processing 1366.5.6 ECHO_REPLY Processing 1376.5.7 FLUSH_TREE Processing 1376.5.8 Nonmember Sending 1386.5.9 Timers and Default Values 1386.5.10 CBT Packet Formats and Message Types 1386.5.11 Core Router Discovery 1426.6 CBT Version 3 1456.6.1 The First Step: Joining the Tree 1456.6.2 Transient State 1466.6.3 Getting ‘‘On Tree’’ 1466.6.4 Pruning and Prune State 1476.6.5 The Forwarding Cache 1476.6.6 Packet Forwarding 1486.6.7 The ‘‘Keepalive’’ Protocol 1486.6.8 Control Message Precedence and Forwarding Criteria 1496.6.9 Broadcast LANs 1496.6.10 The ‘‘all-cbt-routers’’ Group 1506.6.11 Nonmember Sending 150References 1517 Multicast Routing—dense-mode Protocols: Pim Dm 1527.1 Overview 1527.2 Basic PIM DM Behavior 1537.3 Protocol Specification 1557.3.1 PIM Protocol State 1567.3.2 Data Packet Forwarding Rules 1587.3.3 Hello Messages 1597.3.4 PIM DM Prune, Join, and Graft Messages 1607.3.5 State Refresh 1707.3.6 PIM Assert Messages 1757.3.7 PIM Packet Formats 182References 1848 other Dense-mode Multicast Routing Protocols: Dvmrp and Mospf 1858.1 Distance Vector Multicast Algorithm 1858.1.1 Overview 1858.1.2 Basic DVMRP Operation 1868.2 Multicast OSPF 190References 1939 IP MULTICASTING IN IPv6 ENVIRONMENTS 1949.1 Opportunities Offered by IPv 6 1949.2 Introductory Overview of IPv 6 1969.2.1 IPv6 Benefits 1979.2.2 Traditional Addressing Classes for IPv 4 1989.2.3 Network Address Translation Issues in IPv 4 1999.2.4 IPv6 Address Space 2009.2.5 Basic Protocol Constructs 2019.2.6 IPv6 Autoconfiguration 2049.3 Migration and Coexistence 2089.4 Multicast with IPv 6 2119.4.1 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 2119.4.2 MAC Layer Addresses 2119.4.3 Signaling 2139.4.4 RP Approaches 213References 21310 Multicast Listener Discovery 21510.1 Overview of MLDv 1 21610.2 Message Format 21610.3 Protocol Description 21810.4 Node State Transition Diagram 22010.5 Router State Transition Diagram 22310.6 Overview of MLDv 2 22610.6.1 Protocol Overview 22710.6.2 Building Multicast Listening State on Multicast Address Listeners 22810.6.3 Exchanging Messages between the Querier and the Listening Nodes 22810.6.4 Building Multicast Address Listener State on Multicast Routers 23010.7 Source Filtering 232References 23311 Iptv Applications 23411.1 Overview and Motivation 23411.2 Basic Architecture 23611.2.1 Content Aggregation Subsystem 24411.2.2 Uniform Transcoding Subsystem 24511.2.3 Conditional-Access Management Subsystem 25111.2.4 Encapsulation Subsystem 25811.2.5 Long-Haul Distribution Subsystem 26211.2.6 Local Distribution Subsystem 26411.2.7 Middleware Subsystem 26711.2.8 Set-Top Boxes 26711.2.9 Catcher (for VoD Services) 269Appendix 11.A: Serial Digital Interface Basics 269Appendix 11.B: MPEG Basics 27111.B.1 MPEG-2 Transport/Multiplexing Mechanisms 27111.B.2 IPTV/IP Transmission over TS Logical Channels 27911.B.3 Compression Technology 281Appendix 11.C: Encapsulation for Transmission of IP Datagrams over MPEG-2/DVB Networks 298References 30012 Dvb-h: High-quality TV to Cell Phones 30312.1 Background and Motivation 30412.2 Basic DVB-H Technology 31112.2.1 DVB-H Mobile Devices 315Appendix 12.A: Open Mobile Video Coalition Efforts 317References 318Glossary 319Index 349

Daniel Minoli has many years' experience providing telecommunications, networking, and IT architecture guidance and solutions for such organizations as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), Bell Telephone Laboratories, ITT, Prudential Securities, Bell Communications Research (Bellcore/Telcordia), AT&T, Capital One Financial, SES Americom, New York University, Rutgers University, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Société Générale de Financement de Québec. An author of numerous core references on information technology, telecommunications, and data communications, he has also written columns for Computerworld, Network World, and Network Computing.

• Preface xiiiAbout the Author xv1 Introduction to Ip Multicast 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Why Multicast Protocols are Wanted/Needed 31.3 Basic Multicast Protocols and Concepts 51.4 IPTV and DVB-H Applications 111.5 Course of Investigation 21Appendix 1.A: Multicast IETF Request for Comments 21Appendix 1.B: Multicast Bibliography 23References 232 Multicast Addressing for Payload 262.1 IP Multicast Addresses 262.1.1 Limited Scope Addresses 292.1.2 GLOP Addressing 302.1.3 Generic IPv4 Addressing 302.2 Layer 2 Multicast Addresses 312.2.1 Ethernet MAC Address Mapping 312.3 MPEG-Layer Addresses 33References 383 Multicast Payload Forwarding 393.1 Multicasting on a LAN Segment 403.2 Multicasting between Network Segments 403.3 Multicast Distribution Trees 413.4 Multicast Forwarding: Reverse Path Forwarding 473.5 Multicast Forwarding: Center-Based Tree Algorithm 483.6 Implementing IP Multicast in a Network 49References 504 Dynamic Host Registration—internet Group Management Protocol 514.1 IGMP Messages 524.2 IGMPv3 Messages 554.3 IGMP Operation 61Appendix 4.A: Protocol Details for IGMPv 2 634.A.1 Overview 634.A.2 Protocol Description 644.A.3 Receiver (Host) State Diagram 654.A.4 Router State Diagram 69Appendix 4.B: IGMP Snooping Switches 72Appendix 4.C: Example of Router Configurations 76References 775 Multicast Routing—sparse-mode Protocols: Protocol Independent Multicast 785.1 Introduction to PIM 795.2 PIM SM Details 835.2.1 Approach 865.2.2 PIM SM Protocol Overview 865.2.3 Detailed Protocol Description 945.2.4 Packet Formats 114References 1246 Multicast Routing—sparse-mode Protocols: Core-based Trees 1256.1 Motivation 1266.2 Basic Operation 1276.3 CBT Components and Functions 1296.3.1 CBT Control Message Retransmission Strategy 1316.3.2 Nonmember Sending 1316.4 Core Router Discovery 1316.5 Protocol Specification Details 1326.5.1 CBT HELLO Protocol 1336.5.2 JOIN_REQUEST Processing 1346.5.3 JOIN_ACK Processing 1356.5.4 QUIT_NOTIFICATION Processing 1356.5.5 ECHO_REQUEST Processing 1366.5.6 ECHO_REPLY Processing 1376.5.7 FLUSH_TREE Processing 1376.5.8 Nonmember Sending 1386.5.9 Timers and Default Values 1386.5.10 CBT Packet Formats and Message Types 1386.5.11 Core Router Discovery 1426.6 CBT Version 3 1456.6.1 The First Step: Joining the Tree 1456.6.2 Transient State 1466.6.3 Getting ‘‘On Tree’’ 1466.6.4 Pruning and Prune State 1476.6.5 The Forwarding Cache 1476.6.6 Packet Forwarding 1486.6.7 The ‘‘Keepalive’’ Protocol 1486.6.8 Control Message Precedence and Forwarding Criteria 1496.6.9 Broadcast LANs 1496.6.10 The ‘‘all-cbt-routers’’ Group 1506.6.11 Nonmember Sending 150References 1517 Multicast Routing—dense-mode Protocols: Pim Dm 1527.1 Overview 1527.2 Basic PIM DM Behavior 1537.3 Protocol Specification 1557.3.1 PIM Protocol State 1567.3.2 Data Packet Forwarding Rules 1587.3.3 Hello Messages 1597.3.4 PIM DM Prune, Join, and Graft Messages 1607.3.5 State Refresh 1707.3.6 PIM Assert Messages 1757.3.7 PIM Packet Formats 182References 1848 other Dense-mode Multicast Routing Protocols: Dvmrp and Mospf 1858.1 Distance Vector Multicast Algorithm 1858.1.1 Overview 1858.1.2 Basic DVMRP Operation 1868.2 Multicast OSPF 190References 1939 IP MULTICASTING IN IPv6 ENVIRONMENTS 1949.1 Opportunities Offered by IPv 6 1949.2 Introductory Overview of IPv 6 1969.2.1 IPv6 Benefits 1979.2.2 Traditional Addressing Classes for IPv 4 1989.2.3 Network Address Translation Issues in IPv 4 1999.2.4 IPv6 Address Space 2009.2.5 Basic Protocol Constructs 2019.2.6 IPv6 Autoconfiguration 2049.3 Migration and Coexistence 2089.4 Multicast with IPv 6 2119.4.1 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 2119.4.2 MAC Layer Addresses 2119.4.3 Signaling 2139.4.4 RP Approaches 213References 21310 Multicast Listener Discovery 21510.1 Overview of MLDv 1 21610.2 Message Format 21610.3 Protocol Description 21810.4 Node State Transition Diagram 22010.5 Router State Transition Diagram 22310.6 Overview of MLDv 2 22610.6.1 Protocol Overview 22710.6.2 Building Multicast Listening State on Multicast Address Listeners 22810.6.3 Exchanging Messages between the Querier and the Listening Nodes 22810.6.4 Building Multicast Address Listener State on Multicast Routers 23010.7 Source Filtering 232References 23311 Iptv Applications 23411.1 Overview and Motivation 23411.2 Basic Architecture 23611.2.1 Content Aggregation Subsystem 24411.2.2 Uniform Transcoding Subsystem 24511.2.3 Conditional-Access Management Subsystem 25111.2.4 Encapsulation Subsystem 25811.2.5 Long-Haul Distribution Subsystem 26211.2.6 Local Distribution Subsystem 26411.2.7 Middleware Subsystem 26711.2.8 Set-Top Boxes 26711.2.9 Catcher (for VoD Services) 269Appendix 11.A: Serial Digital Interface Basics 269Appendix 11.B: MPEG Basics 27111.B.1 MPEG-2 Transport/Multiplexing Mechanisms 27111.B.2 IPTV/IP Transmission over TS Logical Channels 27911.B.3 Compression Technology 281Appendix 11.C: Encapsulation for Transmission of IP Datagrams over MPEG-2/DVB Networks 298References 30012 Dvb-h: High-quality TV to Cell Phones 30312.1 Background and Motivation 30412.2 Basic DVB-H Technology 31112.2.1 DVB-H Mobile Devices 315Appendix 12.A: Open Mobile Video Coalition Efforts 317References 318Glossary 319Index 349