IoT for Smart Grid

Rahiman Zahira, PhD, SMIEEE, is an Associate Professor at B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India. Palanisamy Sivaraman, SMIEEE, is a Research Scholar at Anna University, Chennai, India. Chenniappan Sharmeela, PhD, SMIEEE, is a Professor, DEEE, and an Adjunct Professor with the Centre for E-Vehicle Technologies and the Centre for Energy Storage Technology, CEG campus, at Anna University, Chennai, India. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, SMIEEE, is a Full Professor in Power Electronics with the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetics at the University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway.

• About the Editors xxviiList of Contributors xxxi1 Introduction to the Internet of Things 1 Anbazhagan Lavanya, Jayachandran Divya Navamani, and Rahiman Zahira1.1 Introduction 11.2 Evolution of IoT 21.3 Need for IoT 31.4 Energy Management 41.5 Main Components Used in IoT 51.6 IoT Devices 61.7 IoT Characteristics 71.8 IoT Market Share 111.9 Conclusion 14References 152 IoT Fundamentals: Platforms, Architectures, and Sensor Technologies 17 Naseer Ahamed Javed, Yogesh Rajkumar, and Kallankurichy P. Kaliyamurthie2.1 Introduction 172.2 Overview of IoT System Architectures and Design Principles 172.3 Exploring IoT/M2M Systems and Their Role in Connectivity 232.4 Introduction to Sensors and Transducers in IoT 252.5 LoWPAN Network Management Protocol (LNMP) 272.6 WSN Diagnostic Tools: Ensuring Reliability and Performance 292.7 Overview of IoT Communication Technologies 312.8 Practical Applications of IoT Platforms, Sensor Technologies and Communication Protocols 34References 403 Communication Protocols for Transactive IoT 43A. Kamalasegaran, G. Kabilan, and P. Sriramalakshmi3.1 Introduction 433.2 Transactive Systems in Smart Grids 433.3 MQTT, CoAP, and Other Protocols in Transactive Systems 453.4 Data Distribution Service (DDS) 493.5 Edge Computing and Real-Time Implementation 503.6 Reliability and Scalability 543.7 Case Studies and Real-Life Implementations 573.8 Conclusion 58References 594 Transactive IoT: Merging Transactions and Connectivity 63Burhan Khan, Aabid A. Mir, Naser S. Almutairi, and Khang W. Goh4.1 Introduction 634.2 IoT Integration with Transactive Models 644.3 Transactive IoT in Modern Applications 664.4 Economic and Market-Based Approaches 714.5 Transactive IoT System Architecture 734.6 Challenges and Solutions 784.7 Conclusion 81References 825 IoT Devices in Transactive System 87G. Jagadish and P. Sriramalakshmi5.1 Introduction 875.2 Integration of IoT Devices for Data Collection 885.3 Role of Sensor 905.4 Sensor Types 915.5 Role of Sensors During Data Collection 925.6 Role of Actuators 935.7 Challenges Faced in Device Connectivity 955.8 Challenges in Data Security 965.9 Conclusion 101References 1016 IoT in Power Electronics: Transforming the Future of Energy Management 107Dhandapani Lakshmi, Rahiman Zahira, Vallikanu Pramila, Gunasekaran Ezhilarasi, Rajesh K. Padmashini, Palanisamy Sivaraman, and Chenniappan Sharmeela6.1 Introduction to IoT in Power Electronics 1076.2 IoT in Power Conversion: Enhancing Efficiency and Reliability 1126.3 Introduction to IIoT-Driven Automation 1156.4 Future Prospects of IoT in Power Conversion 1166.5 Regulatory and Standardization Considerations 1196.6 IoT in Power Transmission for Long Distance 1196.7 Conclusion 123References 1247 Harnessing IoT: Transforming Smart Grid Advancements 127Pijush K. Dutta Pramanik, Bijoy K. Upadhyaya, Ajay Kushwaha, and Debashish Bhowmik7.1 Introduction to Smart Grid and IoT Integration 1277.2 Architecture of a Smart Grid IoT System 1317.3 Remote Control and Automation in Smart Grids 1377.4 Automated Load Shifting Strategies Using IoT 1417.5 IoT Applications for Real-Time Monitoring of Smart Grids 1427.6 Challenges in Implementing IoT in Smart Grids 1517.7 Economics of IoT-Enabled Smart Grid 1547.8 Smart Grid in India 1677.9 Conclusions 169References 1708 Cybersecurity Challenges in Smart Grid IoT 175Zain Buksh, Neeraj A. Sharma, Rishal Chand, Jashnil Kumar, and A. B. M. Shawkat Ali8.1 Introduction 1758.2 Research Background 1788.3 Cybersecurity Challenges in Smart Grid IoT 1838.4 Case Studies and Real-World Examples 1948.5 Future Trends and Considerations 2008.6 Conclusions 201References 2029 IoT-Based Monitoring for Substations 207Rajesh K. Padmashini, Dhandapani Lakshmi, Rajasekharan Rajasree, Janarthanan N. Rajesh Kumar, Rahiman Zahira, Palanisamy Sivaraman, and Chenniappan Sharmeela9.1 Introduction to IoT-Based Monitoring for Substations 2079.2 Components of Substation Automation and Monitoring 2089.3 Architecture of Substation Automation 2099.4 The Need for IoT in Substation Monitoring 2109.5 Automation and Control in Substation Environment 2119.6 Substation Automation and Monitoring 2139.7 Examples 2159.8 Others 2179.9 Conclusion 218References 21810 IoT Application in Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis in Electrical Systems 221Ravichandran Karthick Manoj, Dhandapani Lakshmi, Rajasekharan Rajasree, Sukumaran Aasha Nandhini, Palanisamy Sivaraman, and Rahiman Zahira10.1 Introduction 22110.2 Importance of Condition Monitoring (CM) in Electrical Systems 22210.3 Enhancing Reliability and Performance of Condition Monitoring 22310.4 Proactive Maintenance Strategies Enabled by Condition Monitoring 22310.5 Methods of Condition Monitoring 22410.6 Implementation of Vibration Analysis 22510.7 Vibration 22610.8 What Can Vibration Analysis Detect? 22910.9 Block Diagram of Vibration Monitoring System 23110.10 Industrial Applications of Vibration Analysis 23210.11 Advantages of Vibration Analysis for Condition Monitoring in Electrical Systems 23410.12 Disadvantages of Vibration Analysis for Condition Monitoring in Electrical Systems 23410.13 Importance of Fault Diagnosis in Electrical System 23510.14 Integration with IoT of Conditional Monitoring Electrical System 23610.15 Real-Time Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance 23710.16 Energy Management and Asset Performance Optimization 23810.17 Safety, Compliance, and Future Trends 23910.18 Future Trends in IoT Application in Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis in Electrical Systems 239References 24011 IoT-Powered Robust Anomaly Detection and CNN-Enabled Predictive Maintenance to Enhance Solar PV System Performance 243Kumaresa P. Punitha11.1 Introduction 24311.2 IoT Application in Condition Monitoring 24411.3 IoT Application in Fault Prediction 24511.4 Overview of Solar PV System Faults 24511.5 Need for IoT and CNN Algorithm for Anomaly Detection of Solar PV System 24711.6 System Description 24811.7 Proposed Algorithm 24811.8 Results and Discussion 24911.9 Conclusion 254References 25412 Advancements in Smart Energy Management: Enhancing Efficiency Through Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Energy Monitoring 257S. Nazrin Salma, A. Niyas Ahamed, and G. Srinivasan12.1 Introduction to Smart Energy Management 25712.2 Evolution of Energy Management Systems 25812.3 Traditional Energy Management 25812.4 Transition to Smart Grids 25912.5 Role of Smart Meters and Advanced Metering Infrastructure 26012.6 Effects on Contemporary Energy Systems 26012.7 Digital Innovations in Energy Management 26012.8 Smart Meters: Empowering Consumers 26312.9 Revolutionizing Energy Consumption 26312.10 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): Streamlining Energy 26412.11 Case Studies of Successful AMI Implementations 26412.12 Energy Monitoring and Management 26512.13 Examples of Energy Management Practices 26612.14 Illustrations and Case Studies in the Practical Application of Smart Energy Management 26612.15 Optimization of Urban Grids and IoT Devices 26612.16 Challenges and Opportunities in Smart Energy 26712.17 Opportunities for Advancements 26812.18 Real-Time Optimization 26812.19 Automated Decision-Making 26812.20 Enhancing Efficiency and Reliability 26912.21 Real-Time Optimization of Storage Solutions 26912.22 Managing Variability and Intermittency 26912.23 Grid Resilience and Stability 27012.24 Insights into Potential Vulnerabilities 27012.25 Automation of Grid Operations 27012.26 Regulatory Frameworks and Policies 27112.27 Conclusion: The Future of Smart Energy Management 271References 27213 IoT for Power Quality Applications 275Rahiman Zahira, Dhandapani Lakshmi, Shanmugasundaram Logeshkumar, Palanisamy Sivaraman, Chenniappan Sharmeela, and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban13.1 Introduction to Power Quality in Modern Electrical Systems 27513.2 Power Quality Standards 27613.3 Power Quality Solutions 27713.4 IOT for Power Quality 28013.5 The Role of IoT in Enhancing Power Quality 28113.6 Architecture for Power Quality Management Using IoT 28213.7 IoT Architecture for Smart Grid and Power Quality Applications 28313.8 IoT Sensors and Devices for Power Quality Monitoring 28613.9 Conclusions 287References 28814 An IoT and 1D Convolutional Neural Network-Based Method for Smart Building Energy Management 291Aleena Swetapadma, Nalini P. Behera, Harsh Saran, and Saurav Kumar14.1 Introduction 29114.2 One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network 29214.3 Proposed Method 29214.4 Result 29614.5 Discussion 29814.6 Conclusion 299References 29915 IoT for E-Mobility 301Shanmugasundaram Logeshkumar, Krishnakumar Shanmugasundaram, Rahiman Zahira, Palanisamy Sivaraman, and Chenniappan SharmeelaIntroduction 30115.1 What Is IoT for E-Mobility? 30115.2 Benefits of IoT for E-Mobility 30215.3 Challenges of IoT for E-Mobility 30215.4 The Future of IoT for E-Mobility 30315.5 Various Considerations and Possibilities of IoT for E-Mobility 30415.6 Conclusion 331References 33216 Standards for Internet of Things (IoT) 335Mohamed Mustafa Mohamed Iqbal, Balasubramanian Nandhan, Sakthivel Sruthi, Ravikumar Mithra, Rajagopal Logesh Krishna, Rahiman Zahira, Balan Gunapriya, and Veerasamy Balaji16.1 Introduction 33516.2 Smart Grid, Smart Transportation, and Smart Cities 33616.3 Standardization of IoT Environment 33716.4 IoT Standards in Healthcare 33816.5 IoT Standards in Agriculture and Food Industry 34116.6 IoT Standards in Smart Home and Industrial Automation 34716.7 IoT Standards for Disaster Management 35116.8 IoT Standards in Cybersecurity and Data Science Domain 35316.9 Research Scope for Future Work 35516.10 Conclusion 355References 35617 Challenges and Future Directions 363 Burhan Khan, Aabid A. Mir, Nur F.L.M. Rosely, and Khang W. Goh17.1 Introduction 36317.2 Security and Privacy Concerns in Transactive Systems 36617.3 Scalability and Standardization Issues 37017.4 Emerging Trends in Transactive IoT 37317.5 Future Developments in Transactive IoT 37617.6 Policy, Regulation, and Ethical Considerations 37817.7 Conclusion 380References 382Index 387