Introductory Bioelectronics

Professor Ronald Pethig, Bioelectronics, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh He has PhD degrees in electrical engineering and physical chemistry, and a D.Sc degree for work in the field of biomolecular electronics. He is author of one book (Dielectric and Electronic Properties of Biological Materials, Wiley) and more than 200 scientific papers in the field of biomolecular electronics and dielectrophoresis. He has received several awards, including in 2001 being the first recipient of the Herman P Schwan Award for work in biodielectrics. He serves on the editorial boards of several scientific journals, including acting as editor-in-chief of the IET journal Nanobiotechnology. Stewart Smith, RCUK Academic Fellow, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh He has a PhD in microelectronics and has authored over 60 scientific papers on subjects ranging from implantable drug delivery systems to test structures for the characterisation of MEMS processes. He is based at the Scottish Microelectronics Centre in Edinburgh where he works on the development of biomedical microsystems. He is a member of the technical committee for the IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures.

• About the Authors xiiiForeword xvPreface xviiAcknowledgements xix1 Basic Chemical and Biochemical Concepts 11.1 Chapter Overview 11.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions 11.3 Water and Hydrogen Bonds 151.4 Acids, Bases and pH 181.5 Summary of Key Concepts 252 Cells and their Basic Building Blocks 292.1 Chapter Overview 292.2 Lipids and Biomembranes 292.3 Carbohydrates and Sugars 322.4 Amino Acids, Polypeptides and Proteins 342.5 Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, DNA, RNA and Genes 432.6 Cells and Pathogenic Bioparticles 512.7 Summary of Key Concepts 703 Basic Biophysical Concepts and Methods 733.1 Chapter Overview 733.2 Electrostatic Interactions 743.3 Hydrophobic and Hydration Forces 903.4 Osmolarity, Tonicity and Osmotic Pressure 913.5 Transport of Ions and Molecules across Cell Membranes 943.6 Electrochemical Gradients and Ion Distributions Across Membranes 993.7 Osmotic Properties of Cells 1033.8 Probing the Electrical Properties of Cells 1053.9 Membrane Equilibrium Potentials 1113.10 Nernst Potential and Nernst Equation 1123.11 The Equilibrium (Resting) Membrane Potential 1143.12 Membrane Action Potential 1163.13 Channel Conductance 1203.14 The Voltage Clamp 1213.15 Patch-Clamp Recording 1223.16 Electrokinetic Effects 1244 Spectroscopic Techniques 1474.1 Chapter Overview 1474.2 Introduction 1484.3 Classes of Spectroscopy 1514.4 The Beer-Lambert Law 1654.5 Impedance Spectroscopy 1705 Electrochemical Principles and Electrode Reactions 1775.1 Chapter Overview 1775.2 Introduction 1785.3 Electrochemical Cells and Electrode Reactions 1805.4 Electrical Control of Electron Transfer Reactions 1945.5 Reference Electrodes 2035.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 2086 Biosensors 2156.1 Chapter Overview 2156.2 Introduction 2156.3 Immobilisation of the Biosensing Agent 2176.4 Biosensor Parameters 2186.5 Amperometric Biosensors 2286.6 Potentiometric Biosensors 2336.7 Conductometric and Impedimetric Biosensors 2376.8 Sensors Based on Antibody–Antigen Interaction 2406.9 Photometric Biosensors 2426.10 Biomimetic Sensors 2456.11 Glucose Sensors 2476.12 Biocompatibility of Implantable Sensors 2527 Basic Sensor Instrumentation and Electrochemical Sensor Interfaces 2597.1 Chapter Overview 2597.2 Transducer Basics 2607.3 Sensor Amplification 2627.4 The Operational Amplifier 2647.5 Limitations of Operational Amplifiers 2697.6 Instrumentation for Electrochemical Sensors 2717.7 Impedance Based Biosensors 2787.8 FET Based Biosensors 2848 Instrumentation for Other Sensor Technologies 2978.1 Chapter Overview 2978.2 Temperature Sensors and Instrumentation 2988.3 Mechanical Sensor Interfaces 3048.4 Optical Biosensor Technology 3258.5 Transducer Technology for Neuroscience and Medicine 3359 Microfluidics: Basic Physics and Concepts 3439.1 Chapter Overview 3439.2 Liquids and Gases 3439.3 Fluids Treated as a Continuum 3469.4 Basic Fluidics 3549.5 Fluid Dynamics 3569.6 Navier-Stokes Equations 3659.7 Continuum versus Molecular Model 3699.8 Diffusion 3789.9 Surface Tension 38310 Microfluidics: Dimensional Analysis and Scaling 39110.1 Chapter Overview 39110.2 Dimensional Analysis 39110.3 Dimensionless Parameters 40010.4 Applying Nondimensional Parameters to Practical Flow Problems 41110.5 Characteristic Time Scales 41210.6 Applying Micro- and Nano-Physics to the Design of Microdevices 413Problems 415References 416Appendix A: SI Prefixes 417Appendix B: Values of Fundamental Physical Constants 419Appendix C: Model Answers for Self-study Problems 421Index 435

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