JOHN FORREST is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Anthropology in the State University of New York system, where he taught for over 40 years. A recipient of the SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching, he has conducted fieldwork on five continents, examining cultural practices in the United States, England, Mexico, China, Argentina, Kenya, and Cambodia. BADGER FORREST-BLINCOE is a doctoral candidate in anthropology at Binghamton University (SUNY), specializing in the anthropology of martial arts. His research explores martial arts, ethnic identity, and nationalism in East Asia. He has co-authored multiple publications, advocating for holistic perspectives within general anthropology.

• List of Illustrations xiList of Tables xivAbout the Authors xvAbout the Companion Website xixIntroduction 11 Anthropologies 3Definitions 3Franz Boas 5Boas and Holism 6Academic Disciplines 8Holistic Anthropology 92 Human Diversity 12Genetic Inheritance: The Passing of Genes from One Generation to the Next 15Epigenetic Inheritance: The Process of External Factors Causing Heritable Genetic Changes in the Successive Generation of Organisms 16Behavioral Inheritance: The Transfer of Behavioral Actions and Knowledge to Successive Generations 16Symbolic Inheritance: The Passing Down of Symbols, Beliefs, and Worldviews Between Generations 16Human Biological Evolution 17Human Genetics 17Biological Variation 20Linguistic Variation 23Technological Variation 24Cultural Universals 25Conclusion 283 Worldviews and Narratives 29Definitions 29Sentience and Ideology 32Narratives and Worldview 34Visual Narratives 36Landscapes and Worldview 39Anthropological Worldview Narratives 40Change in Worldview 434 The Human Body 44Definitions of the Body 44Types of Bodies 46Anatomy and Physiology 46Bodily Vulnerabilities 47Disability 50Metaphorical Bodies 51Embodiment 52Performance Theory: Bodies and Identity 52Phenomenology and Embodiment 53Bioarcheological and Paleoanthropological Data 54Body Modification and Adornments 56Non- verbal Communication 57Non- human Primates 57Human Non- verbal Communication and Gesture 58Conclusion: The Three Body Problem 595 Domestication of Plants and Animals 60Foraging 60Domestication 646 Nutrition 77Digestion 77Food Choices and Taboos 78Food as a Social Object 82Table Manners 83The Language of Food and Taste 84Food and Rituals 85The Archeology of Food 86Conclusion 867 Health and Healing 88Sickness 88Causes of Illness 90Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Medicine 90Ayurveda 92Traditional Chinese Medicine 92Other Traditional Medicines 94Social Care 95Herbal Remedies 96The Body’s Defenses 97Healing Words 99Archeology of Medicine 100Public Health 103Conclusion 1038 Technology, Cognition, and Perception 105Tools 105Human Evolution 106Stone, Bronze, and Beyond 110Humans and Technology 114Conclusion 1179 Art and Aesthetics 118Art vs Aesthetics 118The Sensorium 119Colors 121Senses and Sense Organs 123Genres 125Play 128Conclusion 12910 Communities 130Community 130Primate Sociability 130Family 132Archeology and Kinship 135Households 136Incest and Marriage 136Language and Kinship 137Socio- political Organization 138Mobility 141Nations 141Sense of Community 141Transnational Communities 142Speech Communities 144Conclusion 14411 Migration 145Migration Today 145Globalization 146Labor Migration 147Displaced Peoples/Refugees 148Prehistoric Migrations 149Holocene and Neolithic 150Proto- historical and Early Historical Migration 154Forced Migration 156A Time of Empire 157Voyages of Exploration 159Colonialism, Industrialism, and Beyond 160Conclusion 16212 Religion (and Magic and Science) 163Early Evidence of Religious Thought 164Magic 165Religion 167Science 169Divination 169Astrology 171Liminality 172Religious Language 174Religion and Ethics 175Conclusion: Religion Today 17713 Race and Ethnicity 178Race and Racism 179Ethnicity 187Material Culture, Archeology, and Ethnicity 188Language Varieties and Ethnicity 189Conclusion 19014 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 191Sex 191Gender 193Love and Attraction 197Sexuality 198Conclusion 20015 Conflict and Death 201Don’t Push Me ‘Cuz I’m Close to the Edge 201Fighting for Entertainment 202Language 202Pre- Fight Rituals 203Rules of Engagement 204Weapons 205Fighting Techniques 205Death 206Rituals of Death 207The Dead Body 20816 Cooperation and Exchange 211The Social Animal 211Cooperation 213Exchange and Reciprocity 216Concluding Thoughts 225References 227Index 245

JOHN FORREST is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Anthropology in the State University of New York system, where he taught for over 40 years. A recipient of the SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching, he has conducted fieldwork on five continents, examining cultural practices in the United States, England, Mexico, China, Argentina, Kenya, and Cambodia. BADGER FORREST-BLINCOE is a doctoral candidate in anthropology at Binghamton University (SUNY), specializing in the anthropology of martial arts. His research explores martial arts, ethnic identity, and nationalism in East Asia. He has co-authored multiple publications, advocating for holistic perspectives within general anthropology.

• List of Illustrations xiList of Tables xivAbout the Authors xvAbout the Companion Website xixIntroduction 11 Anthropologies 3Definitions 3Franz Boas 5Boas and Holism 6Academic Disciplines 8Holistic Anthropology 92 Human Diversity 12Genetic Inheritance: The Passing of Genes from One Generation to the Next 15Epigenetic Inheritance: The Process of External Factors Causing Heritable Genetic Changes in the Successive Generation of Organisms 16Behavioral Inheritance: The Transfer of Behavioral Actions and Knowledge to Successive Generations 16Symbolic Inheritance: The Passing Down of Symbols, Beliefs, and Worldviews Between Generations 16Human Biological Evolution 17Human Genetics 17Biological Variation 20Linguistic Variation 23Technological Variation 24Cultural Universals 25Conclusion 283 Worldviews and Narratives 29Definitions 29Sentience and Ideology 32Narratives and Worldview 34Visual Narratives 36Landscapes and Worldview 39Anthropological Worldview Narratives 40Change in Worldview 434 The Human Body 44Definitions of the Body 44Types of Bodies 46Anatomy and Physiology 46Bodily Vulnerabilities 47Disability 50Metaphorical Bodies 51Embodiment 52Performance Theory: Bodies and Identity 52Phenomenology and Embodiment 53Bioarcheological and Paleoanthropological Data 54Body Modification and Adornments 56Non- verbal Communication 57Non- human Primates 57Human Non- verbal Communication and Gesture 58Conclusion: The Three Body Problem 595 Domestication of Plants and Animals 60Foraging 60Domestication 646 Nutrition 77Digestion 77Food Choices and Taboos 78Food as a Social Object 82Table Manners 83The Language of Food and Taste 84Food and Rituals 85The Archeology of Food 86Conclusion 867 Health and Healing 88Sickness 88Causes of Illness 90Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Medicine 90Ayurveda 92Traditional Chinese Medicine 92Other Traditional Medicines 94Social Care 95Herbal Remedies 96The Body’s Defenses 97Healing Words 99Archeology of Medicine 100Public Health 103Conclusion 1038 Technology, Cognition, and Perception 105Tools 105Human Evolution 106Stone, Bronze, and Beyond 110Humans and Technology 114Conclusion 1179 Art and Aesthetics 118Art vs Aesthetics 118The Sensorium 119Colors 121Senses and Sense Organs 123Genres 125Play 128Conclusion 12910 Communities 130Community 130Primate Sociability 130Family 132Archeology and Kinship 135Households 136Incest and Marriage 136Language and Kinship 137Socio- political Organization 138Mobility 141Nations 141Sense of Community 141Transnational Communities 142Speech Communities 144Conclusion 14411 Migration 145Migration Today 145Globalization 146Labor Migration 147Displaced Peoples/Refugees 148Prehistoric Migrations 149Holocene and Neolithic 150Proto- historical and Early Historical Migration 154Forced Migration 156A Time of Empire 157Voyages of Exploration 159Colonialism, Industrialism, and Beyond 160Conclusion 16212 Religion (and Magic and Science) 163Early Evidence of Religious Thought 164Magic 165Religion 167Science 169Divination 169Astrology 171Liminality 172Religious Language 174Religion and Ethics 175Conclusion: Religion Today 17713 Race and Ethnicity 178Race and Racism 179Ethnicity 187Material Culture, Archeology, and Ethnicity 188Language Varieties and Ethnicity 189Conclusion 19014 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 191Sex 191Gender 193Love and Attraction 197Sexuality 198Conclusion 20015 Conflict and Death 201Don’t Push Me ‘Cuz I’m Close to the Edge 201Fighting for Entertainment 202Language 202Pre- Fight Rituals 203Rules of Engagement 204Weapons 205Fighting Techniques 205Death 206Rituals of Death 207The Dead Body 20816 Cooperation and Exchange 211The Social Animal 211Cooperation 213Exchange and Reciprocity 216Concluding Thoughts 225References 227Index 245

JOHN FORREST is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Anthropology in the State University of New York system, where he taught for over 40 years. A recipient of the SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching, he has conducted fieldwork on five continents, examining cultural practices in the United States, England, Mexico, China, Argentina, Kenya, and Cambodia. BADGER FORREST-BLINCOE is a doctoral candidate in anthropology at Binghamton University (SUNY), specializing in the anthropology of martial arts. His research explores martial arts, ethnic identity, and nationalism in East Asia. He has co-authored multiple publications, advocating for holistic perspectives within general anthropology.

• List of Illustrations xiList of Tables xivAbout the Authors xvAbout the Companion Website xixIntroduction 11 Anthropologies 3Definitions 3Franz Boas 5Boas and Holism 6Academic Disciplines 8Holistic Anthropology 92 Human Diversity 12Genetic Inheritance: The Passing of Genes from One Generation to the Next 15Epigenetic Inheritance: The Process of External Factors Causing Heritable Genetic Changes in the Successive Generation of Organisms 16Behavioral Inheritance: The Transfer of Behavioral Actions and Knowledge to Successive Generations 16Symbolic Inheritance: The Passing Down of Symbols, Beliefs, and Worldviews Between Generations 16Human Biological Evolution 17Human Genetics 17Biological Variation 20Linguistic Variation 23Technological Variation 24Cultural Universals 25Conclusion 283 Worldviews and Narratives 29Definitions 29Sentience and Ideology 32Narratives and Worldview 34Visual Narratives 36Landscapes and Worldview 39Anthropological Worldview Narratives 40Change in Worldview 434 The Human Body 44Definitions of the Body 44Types of Bodies 46Anatomy and Physiology 46Bodily Vulnerabilities 47Disability 50Metaphorical Bodies 51Embodiment 52Performance Theory: Bodies and Identity 52Phenomenology and Embodiment 53Bioarcheological and Paleoanthropological Data 54Body Modification and Adornments 56Non- verbal Communication 57Non- human Primates 57Human Non- verbal Communication and Gesture 58Conclusion: The Three Body Problem 595 Domestication of Plants and Animals 60Foraging 60Domestication 646 Nutrition 77Digestion 77Food Choices and Taboos 78Food as a Social Object 82Table Manners 83The Language of Food and Taste 84Food and Rituals 85The Archeology of Food 86Conclusion 867 Health and Healing 88Sickness 88Causes of Illness 90Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Medicine 90Ayurveda 92Traditional Chinese Medicine 92Other Traditional Medicines 94Social Care 95Herbal Remedies 96The Body’s Defenses 97Healing Words 99Archeology of Medicine 100Public Health 103Conclusion 1038 Technology, Cognition, and Perception 105Tools 105Human Evolution 106Stone, Bronze, and Beyond 110Humans and Technology 114Conclusion 1179 Art and Aesthetics 118Art vs Aesthetics 118The Sensorium 119Colors 121Senses and Sense Organs 123Genres 125Play 128Conclusion 12910 Communities 130Community 130Primate Sociability 130Family 132Archeology and Kinship 135Households 136Incest and Marriage 136Language and Kinship 137Socio- political Organization 138Mobility 141Nations 141Sense of Community 141Transnational Communities 142Speech Communities 144Conclusion 14411 Migration 145Migration Today 145Globalization 146Labor Migration 147Displaced Peoples/Refugees 148Prehistoric Migrations 149Holocene and Neolithic 150Proto- historical and Early Historical Migration 154Forced Migration 156A Time of Empire 157Voyages of Exploration 159Colonialism, Industrialism, and Beyond 160Conclusion 16212 Religion (and Magic and Science) 163Early Evidence of Religious Thought 164Magic 165Religion 167Science 169Divination 169Astrology 171Liminality 172Religious Language 174Religion and Ethics 175Conclusion: Religion Today 17713 Race and Ethnicity 178Race and Racism 179Ethnicity 187Material Culture, Archeology, and Ethnicity 188Language Varieties and Ethnicity 189Conclusion 19014 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 191Sex 191Gender 193Love and Attraction 197Sexuality 198Conclusion 20015 Conflict and Death 201Don’t Push Me ‘Cuz I’m Close to the Edge 201Fighting for Entertainment 202Language 202Pre- Fight Rituals 203Rules of Engagement 204Weapons 205Fighting Techniques 205Death 206Rituals of Death 207The Dead Body 20816 Cooperation and Exchange 211The Social Animal 211Cooperation 213Exchange and Reciprocity 216Concluding Thoughts 225References 227Index 245