J.E. Andrews, P. Brimblecombe, T.D. Jickells, P.S. Liss and B. Reid are all based in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia. They have many years experience in teaching environmental chemistry to undergraduates and are internationally respected researchers in their fields.

• List of boxes ix Preface to the second edition xiPreface to the first edition xiiAcknowledgements xivSymbols and abbreviations xviii1 Introduction 11.1 What is environmental chemistry? 11.2 In the beginning 21.3 Origin and evolution of the Earth 21.4 Human effects on biogeochemical cycles? 91.5 The structure of this book 111.6 Internet keywords 121.7 Further reading 131.8 Internet search keywords 132 Environmental chemist’s toolbox 142.1 About this chapter 142.2 Order in the elements? 142.3 Bonding 192.4 Using chemical equations 212.5 Describing amounts of substances: the mole 222.6 Concentration and activity 222.7 Organic molecules – structure and chemistry 232.8 Radioactivity of elements 272.9 Finding more chemical tools in this book 292.10 Further reading 302.11 Internet search keywords 303 The atmosphere 313.1 Introduction 313.2 Composition of the atmosphere 323.3 Steady state or equilibrium? 353.4 Natural sources 383.5 Reactivity of trace substances in the atmosphere 443.6 The urban atmosphere 453.7 Air pollution and health 533.8 Effects of air pollution 553.9 Removal processes 563.10 Chemistry of the stratosphere 583.11 Further reading 643.12 Internet search keywords 654 The chemistry of continental solids 664.1 The terrestrial environment, crust and material cycling 664.2 The structure of silicate minerals 704.3 Weathering processes 764.4 Mechanisms of chemical weathering 774.5 Clay minerals 874.6 Formation of soils 934.7 Wider controls on soil and clay mineral formation 1044.8 Ion exchange and soil pH 1114.9 Soil structure and classification 1124.10 Contaminated land 1194.11 Further reading 1394.12 Internet search keywords 1405 The chemistry of continental waters 1415.1 Introduction 1415.2 Element chemistry 1425.3 Water chemistry and weathering regimes 1455.4 Aluminium solubility and acidity 1555.5 Biological processes 1615.6 Heavy metal contamination 1705.7 Contamination of groundwater 1745.8 Further reading 1805.9 Internet search keywords 1806 The oceans 1816.1 Introduction 1816.2 Estuarine processes 1826.3 Major ion chemistry of seawater 1896.4 Chemical cycling of major ions 1916.5 Minor chemical components in seawater 2166.6 The role of iron as a nutrient in the oceans 2276.7 Ocean circulation and its effects on trace element distribution 2296.8 Anthropogenic effects on ocean chemistry 2336.9 Further reading 2376.10 Internet search keywords 2387 Global change 2397.1 Why study global-scale environmental chemistry? 2397.2 The carbon cycle 2407.3 The sulphur cycle 2627.4 Persistent organic pollutants 2747.5 Further reading 2817.6 Internet search keywords 281Index 283

"I can strongly recommend this book as a basic text for all those who wish to gain an initial understanding of the chemistry of the Earth and the way humans are interacting with their environment." Peter O'Neill, University of Plymouth, Progress in Physical Geography, June 2005 "Overall, this book is a valuable addition to reading lists for students taking undergraduate level courses primarily in Environmental Science, but also in Physical Geography, Earth Sciences and Environmental Chemistry. It is very readable and well written."International Journal of Climatology, April 2006 "If I had to recommend one single textbook for courses in environmental science to students and all those interested from other fields, it would be this one. It is an excellent introductory reader and learning aid."Environmental Biology

J.E. Andrews, P. Brimblecombe, T.D. Jickells, P.S. Liss and B. Reid are all based in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia. They have many years experience in teaching environmental chemistry to undergraduates and are internationally respected researchers in their fields.

• List of boxes ix Preface to the second edition xiPreface to the first edition xiiAcknowledgements xivSymbols and abbreviations xviii1 Introduction 11.1 What is environmental chemistry? 11.2 In the beginning 21.3 Origin and evolution of the Earth 21.4 Human effects on biogeochemical cycles? 91.5 The structure of this book 111.6 Internet keywords 121.7 Further reading 131.8 Internet search keywords 132 Environmental chemist’s toolbox 142.1 About this chapter 142.2 Order in the elements? 142.3 Bonding 192.4 Using chemical equations 212.5 Describing amounts of substances: the mole 222.6 Concentration and activity 222.7 Organic molecules – structure and chemistry 232.8 Radioactivity of elements 272.9 Finding more chemical tools in this book 292.10 Further reading 302.11 Internet search keywords 303 The atmosphere 313.1 Introduction 313.2 Composition of the atmosphere 323.3 Steady state or equilibrium? 353.4 Natural sources 383.5 Reactivity of trace substances in the atmosphere 443.6 The urban atmosphere 453.7 Air pollution and health 533.8 Effects of air pollution 553.9 Removal processes 563.10 Chemistry of the stratosphere 583.11 Further reading 643.12 Internet search keywords 654 The chemistry of continental solids 664.1 The terrestrial environment, crust and material cycling 664.2 The structure of silicate minerals 704.3 Weathering processes 764.4 Mechanisms of chemical weathering 774.5 Clay minerals 874.6 Formation of soils 934.7 Wider controls on soil and clay mineral formation 1044.8 Ion exchange and soil pH 1114.9 Soil structure and classification 1124.10 Contaminated land 1194.11 Further reading 1394.12 Internet search keywords 1405 The chemistry of continental waters 1415.1 Introduction 1415.2 Element chemistry 1425.3 Water chemistry and weathering regimes 1455.4 Aluminium solubility and acidity 1555.5 Biological processes 1615.6 Heavy metal contamination 1705.7 Contamination of groundwater 1745.8 Further reading 1805.9 Internet search keywords 1806 The oceans 1816.1 Introduction 1816.2 Estuarine processes 1826.3 Major ion chemistry of seawater 1896.4 Chemical cycling of major ions 1916.5 Minor chemical components in seawater 2166.6 The role of iron as a nutrient in the oceans 2276.7 Ocean circulation and its effects on trace element distribution 2296.8 Anthropogenic effects on ocean chemistry 2336.9 Further reading 2376.10 Internet search keywords 2387 Global change 2397.1 Why study global-scale environmental chemistry? 2397.2 The carbon cycle 2407.3 The sulphur cycle 2627.4 Persistent organic pollutants 2747.5 Further reading 2817.6 Internet search keywords 281Index 283

"I can strongly recommend this book as a basic text for all those who wish to gain an initial understanding of the chemistry of the Earth and the way humans are interacting with their environment." Peter O'Neill, University of Plymouth, Progress in Physical Geography, June 2005 "Overall, this book is a valuable addition to reading lists for students taking undergraduate level courses primarily in Environmental Science, but also in Physical Geography, Earth Sciences and Environmental Chemistry. It is very readable and well written."International Journal of Climatology, April 2006 "If I had to recommend one single textbook for courses in environmental science to students and all those interested from other fields, it would be this one. It is an excellent introductory reader and learning aid."Environmental Biology

J.E. Andrews, P. Brimblecombe, T.D. Jickells, P.S. Liss and B. Reid are all based in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia. They have many years experience in teaching environmental chemistry to undergraduates and are internationally respected researchers in their fields.

• List of boxes ix Preface to the second edition xiPreface to the first edition xiiAcknowledgements xivSymbols and abbreviations xviii1 Introduction 11.1 What is environmental chemistry? 11.2 In the beginning 21.3 Origin and evolution of the Earth 21.4 Human effects on biogeochemical cycles? 91.5 The structure of this book 111.6 Internet keywords 121.7 Further reading 131.8 Internet search keywords 132 Environmental chemist’s toolbox 142.1 About this chapter 142.2 Order in the elements? 142.3 Bonding 192.4 Using chemical equations 212.5 Describing amounts of substances: the mole 222.6 Concentration and activity 222.7 Organic molecules – structure and chemistry 232.8 Radioactivity of elements 272.9 Finding more chemical tools in this book 292.10 Further reading 302.11 Internet search keywords 303 The atmosphere 313.1 Introduction 313.2 Composition of the atmosphere 323.3 Steady state or equilibrium? 353.4 Natural sources 383.5 Reactivity of trace substances in the atmosphere 443.6 The urban atmosphere 453.7 Air pollution and health 533.8 Effects of air pollution 553.9 Removal processes 563.10 Chemistry of the stratosphere 583.11 Further reading 643.12 Internet search keywords 654 The chemistry of continental solids 664.1 The terrestrial environment, crust and material cycling 664.2 The structure of silicate minerals 704.3 Weathering processes 764.4 Mechanisms of chemical weathering 774.5 Clay minerals 874.6 Formation of soils 934.7 Wider controls on soil and clay mineral formation 1044.8 Ion exchange and soil pH 1114.9 Soil structure and classification 1124.10 Contaminated land 1194.11 Further reading 1394.12 Internet search keywords 1405 The chemistry of continental waters 1415.1 Introduction 1415.2 Element chemistry 1425.3 Water chemistry and weathering regimes 1455.4 Aluminium solubility and acidity 1555.5 Biological processes 1615.6 Heavy metal contamination 1705.7 Contamination of groundwater 1745.8 Further reading 1805.9 Internet search keywords 1806 The oceans 1816.1 Introduction 1816.2 Estuarine processes 1826.3 Major ion chemistry of seawater 1896.4 Chemical cycling of major ions 1916.5 Minor chemical components in seawater 2166.6 The role of iron as a nutrient in the oceans 2276.7 Ocean circulation and its effects on trace element distribution 2296.8 Anthropogenic effects on ocean chemistry 2336.9 Further reading 2376.10 Internet search keywords 2387 Global change 2397.1 Why study global-scale environmental chemistry? 2397.2 The carbon cycle 2407.3 The sulphur cycle 2627.4 Persistent organic pollutants 2747.5 Further reading 2817.6 Internet search keywords 281Index 283

"I can strongly recommend this book as a basic text for all those who wish to gain an initial understanding of the chemistry of the Earth and the way humans are interacting with their environment." Peter O'Neill, University of Plymouth, Progress in Physical Geography, June 2005 "Overall, this book is a valuable addition to reading lists for students taking undergraduate level courses primarily in Environmental Science, but also in Physical Geography, Earth Sciences and Environmental Chemistry. It is very readable and well written."International Journal of Climatology, April 2006 "If I had to recommend one single textbook for courses in environmental science to students and all those interested from other fields, it would be this one. It is an excellent introductory reader and learning aid."Environmental Biology