Internet of Things in Bioelectronics

Hari Murthy, PhD, is a faculty member in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India. His doctoral thesis from the University of Canterbury, New Zealand was on novel anticorrosion materials. He has published several articles in international journals and conferences as well as edited “Novel Anti-Corrosion and Anti-Fouling Coatings and Thin Films” with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint (2024). Marta Zurek-Mortka, PhD, is a senior specialist in the Department of Control Systems, Lukasiewics Research Network, Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Radom, Poland. She obtained her doctorate in electrical engineering from the University of Technology and Humanities Kazimierz Pulaski in 2020. She is an author and co-author of more than 30 publications in SCI journals, as well as a co-author of four patent applications. Her research interests include electromobility, renewable energy, power electronic converters for electromobility, and renewable energy sources. Vinay Jha Pillai, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kengeri Campus, Bangalore, India. His primary research is in the early detection of breast cancer using optical imaging and holds two patents related to the subject. He is also exploring the domain of sensors for extracting coating parameters, especially for thermal barrier coatings which have a wide application in the field of corrosion and biofouling inhibitors. Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar, PhD, is an associate professor and data science program coordinator at Christ University, Bangalore, India. He has published multiple publications in journals and conferences. His areas of interest include data science, information security, data provenance, and multiparty secret sharing.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgement xv1 IoT-Based Implant Devices in Humans/Animals for Therapeutic Reasons 1Chetankumar Kalaskar1.1 Introduction 11.2 Application of IoT in Implantable Insulin Pumps 31.3 Application of IoT in Implantable Heart Monitors 41.4 Application of IoT in Implantable Nerve Stimulators 51.5 Application of IoT in Implantable Drug Delivery Systems 61.6 Application of IoT in Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces 61.7 Application of IoT in Implantable Biosensors 71.8 IoT Revolutionizing Healthcare Devices: A Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Implants vs. Conventional Medical Devices 71.9 Challenges in Therapeutic Implant Devices for Humans and Animals 111.10 Future Prospects 15References 162 IoT and Nano-Bioelectronics for Target Drug Delivery 17Ambikesh Soni, Pratiksha Singh, Gagan Kant Tripathi and Priyanka Dixit2.1 Introduction 182.2 Literature Study 182.2.1 Internet of Things 182.2.2 Nanobioelectronics 192.2.2.1 Scanning Beam Lithography 202.2.2.2 Jet Printing 202.2.2.3 AFM Nano Printing 232.3 Principles of Targeted Drug Delivery 232.3.1 Targeted Drug Delivery 242.3.2 Carriers for the Targeted Drug Delivery 272.4 Methodology 282.5 Smart Portable Intensive Care Unit 292.6 Applications of Targeted Drug Delivery 302.7 Applications of IoT and Nanobioelectronics 312.8 Use of IoT to Improve Drug Delivery System 332.8.1 Examples of IoT-Based Drug Delivery Systems 342.8.2 Role of IoT and Nanobioelectronics in Targeted Drug Delivery 342.9 Challenges 352.10 Conclusion 36Relevance of Work 37References 383 Healthcare and Hygiene Monitoring Using Internet of Things (IoT) Enabled Technology 41J. Sandhya and Lakshmi Sandeep3.1 Introduction 423.2 IoT in Healthcare Applications 453.3 IoT Accelerating the Integration of Healthcare and Hygiene for Medical Applications 563.4 Challenges in IoT Enabled Healthcare 593.4.1 Data Security, Privacy and Quality 593.4.2 Device Compatibility and Integration of Standards and Protocols 603.4.3 Data Overload and Performance 603.4.4 Infrastructure Requirements for Data Service 613.4.5 Regulation and Legislation 613.4.6 Public Perception and Awareness 613.5 Conclusion 62References 634 Self-Powered, Flexible, and Wearable Piezoelectric Nanocomposite Tactile Sensors with IoT for Physical Activity Monitoring 69Arjun Hari M. and Lintu Rajan4.1 Introduction 704.2 PVDF-Based Nanocomposites for Tactile Sensing 734.3 Internet of Things (IoT) for Health Care: System Architecture 754.4 Experiments 764.4.1 Sensor Film Fabrication 764.5 Results and Discussion 794.6 Conclusion 84References 845 Securing Electronic Health Records (EHRS) in Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Cloud Networking Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with ECIES Algorithm 89J. Shyamala Devi and Selvanayaki Kolandapalayam Shanmugam5.1 Introduction 905.1.1 Terms Used in Literature 915.2 E-Records in Healthcare 925.3 Why Do We Need EHR? And Why Now? 935.4 Securing EHR in IoT-Based Cloud Networking 945.5 Role of IoT in Electronic Health Records 955.6 EHR Encryption at Different Levels 955.6.1 Encryption Methods 965.7 Elliptic Curve Cryptography 975.7.1 Cryptography Basics 975.7.1.1 Types of Cryptography 975.7.2 Key Generation Steps 995.7.3 Message Encryption and Decryption 995.7.3.1 Math Involved in Decryption 1005.8 Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) 1025.9 Conclusion 105References 1056 2D Photonic Crystal Nano Biosensor with IoT Intelligence 107Balaji V. R., Jesuwanth Sugesh R. G., Sreevani N.R.G., Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan, T. Sridarshini and Gopalkrishna Hegde6.1 Introduction 1086.1.1 Structural Parameter 1096.1.2 Performance Parameters of Sensor 1146.1.3 Sensing and Detection Mechanism 1166.2 Photonic Crystal Biosensor 1176.2.1 Highlights of PC Biosensors 1176.2.2 IoT-Enabled 2D PC Biosensor 1176.2.3 PC Block Diagram 1186.2.3.1 Biosensor for Cancerous Cell Detection 1196.2.3.2 Biosensor for Blood Components Detection 1206.2.3.3 Biosensor for Chikungunya Virus Detection 1206.2.3.4 Biosensor for Glucose Monitoring 1216.2.3.5 Biosensor for Glucose Concentration in Urine 1216.2.3.6 Biosensor for Abnormal Tissues Analysis Detection 1216.2.3.7 Biosensor for DNA Detection 1226.3 Inference and Future Enhancements 122Conclusion 123References 1237 Portable IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare and Remote Health Monitoring 125Boopathi Raja G., Parimala Devi M., Deepa R., Sathya T. and Nithya S.7.1 Introduction 1267.2 Related Works 1267.3 Proposed Framework Design 1297.4 Implementation of Hardware Module 1327.4.1 Required Hardware Components 1327.5 Implementation of Prototype 1367.6 Results and Discussion 1387.7 Conclusion 141References 1418 Pioneering Implantable IoT: A New Era of Precision Medicine for Humans and Animals Unveiling the Future of Medicine Through Implantable Technology 145Md. Afroz, Emmanuel Nyakwende and Birendra Goswami8.1 Introduction 1468.2 IoT Implanted Devices 1518.3 Monitoring and Tracking Implants 1538.4 Therapeutic Implants 1558.5 Communication Protocols 1568.6 Power and Energy Harvesting 1578.7 Data Security 1588.8 Future Scope and Challenges 1608.9 Biomaterials 1638.10 Conclusion 164References 1679 Enhancing Patient Safety and Efficiency in Intravenous Therapy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Smart Infusion Monitoring Systems 171Krishna Sreekumar, T. Punitha Reddy and Boppuru Rudra Prathap9.1 Introduction 1729.2 Smart Intravenous Therapy: Enhancing Patient Safety 1749.3 Related Works 1759.4 Observations and Results 1929.5 Conclusion 196Data Availability 197Conflict of Interest 197Funding 197References 19810 Portable IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare and Remote Health Monitoring – Abnormality Detection through Personalized Vital Health Signs Using Smart Bio Devices 201Poorani Marimuthu, C. Christlin Shanuja and Aparna N.10.1 Introduction 20210.2 Literature Survey 20510.3 Role of Portable Smart Wearable Devices in Remote Health Monitoring 20910.4 Case Study 21010.4.1 Activity Recognition 21110.4.2 Abnormality Detection 21110.4.3 Results and Discussion 21410.4.4 Alert Generation 21410.5 Research Challenges and Future Scope 21510.6 Conclusion 216References 216Technical Terms Related to the Literature Work 21811 Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Diagnosis for Bioelectronic Systems in IoT 219Yogeesh N.11.1 Introduction 22011.1.1 Overview of Fault Diagnosis in Bioelectronic Systems 22011.1.2 Role of Fuzzy Logic in Fault Diagnosis 22011.1.3 Motivation for Using Fuzzy Logic in Fault Diagnosis for IoT Applications 22111.2 Fuzzy Logic Theory for Fault Diagnosis 22211.2.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic Theory 22211.2.2 Fuzzy Sets and Membership Functions 22411.2.3 Methods for Inference and Fuzzy Rules 22511.2.4 Techniques for Defuzzification 22611.2.5 Fuzzy Reasoning for Fault Diagnosis 22711.3 A Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach to Fault Diagnosis 22811.3.1 Overview of the Fuzzy Logic-Based Method to Fault Diagnostics 22811.3.2 Sensor Data Collection and System Modelling 23011.3.3 Design and Optimization of Fuzzy Rule Bases 23011.3.4 Fuzzy Inference System Implementation 23111.3.5 Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Detection and Categorization 23211.4 Case Studies and Examples 23311.4.1 Fault Diagnosis in Pacemakers Using Fuzzy Logic 23311.4.2 Fault Detection Using Fuzzy Logic in Implanted Glucose Sensors 23711.4.3 Fault Diagnosis in Wearable Biosensors Using Fuzzy Logic 24011.5 Advantages and Limitations 24311.5.1 Advantages of Using Fuzzy Logic for Fault Diagnosis in Bioelectronic Systems 24311.5.2 Fault Detection Using Fuzzy Logic has Limitations and Difficulties 24411.6 Conclusion 24511.6.1 Summary of Key Points 24511.6.2 Future Research Directions for Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Diagnosis in Bioelectronic Systems in IoT 246References 24812 Portable and Automated Healthcare Platform Integrated with IoT Technology 251Preetham Noel P. and Kishorekumar R.12.1 Introduction 25112.1.1 Smart Healthcare Monitoring – Making Medical Output More Precise and Intelligent 25212.1.2 Novel Smart Healthcare – Machine Learning and IoT 25312.1.3 IoT-Based Healthcare Monitoring with Edge-Envisioning 25412.1.4 Safeguarding IoT Communications 25512.2 Applications of IoT 25612.2.1 Glucose Sensors 25612.2.2 m-IoT Based Non-Intrusive Glucometer 25712.2.3 Blood Pressure Sensor 25712.2.4 Face Recognition 25812.3 Further Scope and Implementation 25912.4 Conclusion 260References 26013 Portable IoT Devices in Healthcare for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics 263Sindhu Rajendran, Aryan Porwal, Kumari Anjali, Anvaya and Anuradha R. J.13.1 Introduction 26413.1.1 Necessity of Remote Health Monitoring 26413.1.2 Use of Telemedical Facility 26613.1.3 Statistics of Countries Using Remote Health Monitoring System 26713.1.4 Role of IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare 27013.2 IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare 27213.2.1 Evolution of IoT Devices Across the World 27313.2.2 Current Landscape 27613.3 Need for Portable IoT Smart Devices 27813.3.1 Global Usage of Portable IoT Smart Devices 27913.4 Introduction to Portable Labs 28313.4.1 Advantages of Portable Labs 28413.4.2 Perspective of Portable Labs in India 28513.4.2.1 Insights of Portable Labs in India 28613.4.2.2 Case Study 28813.5 Prospects for Portable Labs Globally in the Future 29013.6 Future Scope 29213.7 Conclusion 293References 29414 IoT-Enabled Analysis of COVID Data: Unveiling Insights from Temperature, Pulse Rate, and Oxygen Measurements 297Justin John, Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar and Hari Murthy14.1 Introduction 29814.2 Literature 29914.2.1 Temperature 29914.2.2 Pulse Rate Monitoring 29914.2.3 Oxygen Measurement in COVID- 19 30014.2.4 Dataset Details 30014.2.5 Analysis and Research Opportunities 30014.3 Methodology 30114.4 Results and Discussion 30214.4.1 Statistical Tests 30614.4.2 Crosstabs 30714.5 Conclusion 309References 310Index 311