Internet Censorship

Bernadette H. Schell is vice provost at Laurentian University in Barrie, Ontario, Canada.

• Preface1 Background and HistoryInternet Censorship DefinedCensorship versus National Security, and Why There Will Never be Total Freedom of the Press or a Total Lack of Press and Internet CensorshipAdequate Information Release by Governments versus Internet Censorship: WikiLeaks, Manning, and SnowdenWhat the Internet Is as Compared to an IntranetThe Internet's Colorful History: Internet Development, Hacking Exploits, and (Eventually) Concerns about Internet CensorshipThe Global Growth of Internet UsageGaining Authorized and Unauthorized Access to the Internet—and How Hacking May Be Related to Internet CensorshipOnline Users' Concerns about Censorship and the General State of Online Censorship in 2012ConclusionReferences2 Problems, Controversies, and SolutionsA Look at PC, Mobile Phone, and Internet Usage GloballyCultural and Legal Jurisdictional Factors Influencing the Digital DivideThe Differences between Freedom of Information, Internet Freedom, and Internet CensorshipRecent Trends in Internet Censorship According to the Freedom on the Net 2012 ReportOnline Activities in Jurisdictions "Under the Microscope": Their Strong Support for Internet Openness and Their Hard-Core Tactics Used to Reinforce Internet CensorshipThe Role of Web Filters and Firewalls, Business-Government Policies, and Laws Aimed at Internet CensorshipThe Internet's Continuing Evolution: A Comparison of Internet Censorship in 2005 and 2012Key Tactics That Have Restricted Free Speech and Encouraged Internet Censorship in Countries in Recent YearsHow Can Progress Continue to Be Made in Reducing Internet Censorship?ConclusionReferences3 PerspectivesHacktivism, Cyber Warriors, and Censorship, Thomas J. HoltInternet Censorship and the European Union: External Cohesiveness versus Internal Disharmony, Michael Johns30 Years after Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: Pseudo-Privacy Online, Michael BachmannCybersecurity Is Not Censorship, Dorothy E. DenningBetween Liberty and Harmony: Philosophical Perspectives on Censorship in the Age of the Internet, Alanda D. Theriault4 Profiles2600: The Hacker QuarterlyAmerican Civil Liberties UnionAnonymousJulian Assange (1971–)Black Hat and DefCon Hacker ConferencesThe Page-Brin Google, Inc. TeamCanada's Copyright Modernization Act of 2012 (Formerly Bill C-11)Cran Campbell (1949–)Center for Internet and SocietyCitizen Lab at the University of TorontoCopyright Armageddon: 3D PrintersElectronic Frontier FoundationFreedom HouseWilliam H. Gates (a.k.a Bill Gates) (1955–)Iceland's Planned Internet Porn BanSteve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak ("The Woz") (1950–)Liu Xiabo (1955–) and Liu Xia (1959–)Bradley Manning (a.k.a Chelsea 1988–)OpenNet InitiativePsiphon SoftwarePublic KnowledgeReporters Without BordersNeda Salehi (1983–2009)Yekaterina Samutsevich (1983–)Edward Snowden (1984–)Aaron Swartz (1987–2013)The Censorware ProjectTrans-Pacific Partnership AgreementWikiLeaksMalala Yousafzai (1998–)Bassem Youssef (1975–)References5 Data and DocumentsStatistics on Internet Usage WorldwideA Closer Look at the Freedom on the Net 2012 FindingsInternet Legislation in the United States Related to Privacy, Security, Trust, and Censorship18 U.S.C.Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998Gramm-Leach Bliley Act of 1999 (Financial Services Modernization Act)Trademark Law, Patent Law, and the U.S. Anti-cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act of 1999USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and PATRIOT Act IICybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2002 or Homeland Security Act of 2002PROTECT Act of 2003, COPPA of 1998, and CIPA of 2000CAN-SPAM Act of 2003Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2005/2002Recent Internet Laws Not Passed in the United States Related to Privacy, Security, Trust, and Censorship: CISPA, SOPA, and PIPA—and WhySOPA and PIPAInternet Legislation Attempts Globally Related to Privacy, Security,Trust, and Censorship: The Budapest Convention on CybercrimeAnti-Counterfeiting Trade AgreementTrans-Pacific Partnership AgreementThe United Nations: Unprecedented Power over Web Content and Infrastructure?ConclusionReferences6 Resources7 ChronologyGlossaryIndexAbout the Author

The narrative continues with an in-depth look at how censorship affects media and average users, followed by a section of essays that look at the pros and cons of censorship.