RICHARD RIDING is a chartered psychologist and Director of the Assessment Research Unit in the School of Education at the University of Birmingham. He has over 120 publications in the area of the psychology of education including research reports, academic articles and books on learning technology, assessment, individual differences and cognitive style.STEPHEN RAYNER is a Lecturer in Special Education and Educational Psychology in the School of Education at the University of Birmingham. He has prodiced over 35 publications including research reports, academic articles and books on the pastoral curriculum, aspects of the self in teaching and learning, educating pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties, and the management of special education.