International Neurology

ROBERT P. LISAK, FAAN, FRCP (E), FANAParker Webber Chair in Neurology, Professor of Neurology, Professor of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Attending Neurologist, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USADANIEL D. TRUONG MD FAANThe Truong Neuroscience Institute, Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA, USA; Professor, University California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USAWILLIAM M. CARROLL MBBS MD FRACP FRCP(E)Clinical Professor of Neurology, Western Australian Research Institute, University of Western Australia, AustraliaROONGROJ BHIDAYASIRI MD FRCPDirector, Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Movement Disorders CenterChulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand;University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

• List of contributorsForewordEndorsement from the World Federation of NeurologyPrefacePart 1 Vascular1 Overview of StrokeChristopher Li-Hsian Chen, Chung Y. Hsu2 Ischemic Stroke and Transient Events, TIALidia Yamada, Shelly Ozark, Bruce Ovbiagele3 Atherothrombotic DiseaseNijasri C. Suwanwela4 Occlusion Disease of Small Penetrating ArteriesMarie Dagonnier, Takeshi Iwanaga, Hock L. Teoh, Jorge A. Zavala, Geoffrey A. Donann5 Ischemic White Matter Disease (Binswanger’s disease)Saltanat U. Kamenova, Aida M. Kondybayeva, Assiya Akanova6 Brain EmbolismBernard P. L. Chan, N. Venketasubramanian, Chung Y. Hsu7 Systemic Hypotensive Injury (Border Zone Infarction)Thomas W. Leung8 Dissection of the Cervicocerebral ArteriesNijasri C. Suwanwela9 Coagulation DisordersKay Sin Tan10 Hemorrhagic StrokesAnna Katharina Flügel, Thorsten Steiner, Josef Schill, Nauman Jahangir, Morad Chughtai, Mushtaq H. Qureshi, Adnan I. Qureshi11 Strokes in Children and Young AdultsAlfred Lindner, Ute Berweiler12 Other Cerebrovascular SyndromesDavid J. Blacker13 Cerebral Venous DiseasePatrick W. Carney, Stephen M. Davis14 Spinal Cord StrokesRohini Bhole, Louis R. CaplanPart 2 Disorders of Cerebrovacular Autonomic Control15 Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstrictive Syndrome (RCVS)Shih-Pin Chen, Shuu-Jiun Wang16 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)Pratik BhattacharyaPart 3 The VasculitidesInflammatory vasculopathy17 Extracranial and Intracranial Granulomatous Arteritis (Giant cell arteritis)Gregory P. Van Stavern18 Intracranial granulomatous Arteritis (primary Angiitis of the CNS)/ Idiopathic CNS VasculitisDonald Silberberg19 Takayasu’s ArteritisYasuhisa Kitagawa20 Polyarteritis Nodosa, Churg-Strauss and Overlap Vasculitis SyndromeArnold I. Levinson, Robert P Lisak21 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPS)Gerard Said22 Cerebrovascular Disease Associated with Antiphospholipid AntibodyAdrian Marchidann, Steven R. Levine23 Thromboangiitis Obliterans – Buerger diseaseKumar Rajamani24 Susac’s diseaseRachel E. Ventura, Steven L. GalettaPart 4 Inflammatory Vasculopathies25 SLE, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndromeMarc Gotkine, Oded Abramsky26 Progressive Systemic SclerosisHo Jin Kim, Jae-Won Hyun27 Mixed connective tissue disordersHo Jin Kim, Jae-Won Hyun28 Micro vasculitides and Behcet’s diseaseUgur Uygunoglu, Sabahattin Saip, Aksel Siva29 SarcoidosisBarney J. Stern30 Autoimmune Encephalitis with Neuronal Cell Surface AntibodiesJosep Dalmau, Myrna R. RosenfeldPart 5 Paroxysmal disorders31 Epilepsy OverviewAndres M. Kanner, Barbara E. Swartz32 Cryptogenic and Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsies and SyndromesMarco T. Medina, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Luis C. Rodríguez Salinas, Marco Medina-Montoya, Barbara E Swartz33 Genetic (primary) Idiopathic Generalized EpilepsiesAfawi Zaid, Altynshash Jaxybayeva34 Localization Related EpilepsiesHirokazu Oguni, Chrysostomos P. Panayiotopoulos35 Neurodiagnostic Tools for the Paroxysmal DisordersBarbara E. Swartz36 Neuropharmacology of Antiepileptic DrugsPaul B. Pritchard, III37 Surgical and Other TreatmentIvan Rektor, Barbara E. SwartzPart 6 Dementia38 Dementia OverviewMurray Grossman39 Mild cognitive impairment to include amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s diseaseDavid Wolk, Sanjeev Vaishnavi40 Parkinson's Dementia, Lewy Body Disease and Other SynucleinopathiesIrena Rektorová, Marek Baláž, Robert Rusina, Radoslav Matìj41 Specific Vascular SyndromesElka Stefanova, Vladimir Kostiæ42 Vascular cognitive ImpairmentElka Stefanova, Vladimir Kostiæ43 Frontotemporal dementiaKatya Rascovsky, Diana Matallana44 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Corticobasal Syndrome and Other TauopathiesDavid J. Irwin45 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other TDP-43 ProteinopathiesAlbert C. Ludolph46 Metabolic, toxic, infectious, inflammatory and other dementiasJohn M. Ringman, Arousiak Varpetian, Yu-Wei LinPart 7 Movement Disorders47 Movement disorders: An overviewRoongroj Bhidayasiri, Jirada Sringean, Daniel D. Truong48 TremorJan Raethjen, Günther Deuschl49 ParkinsonismDronacharya Lamichhane, Lisa M. Shulman50 Parkinson’s diseaseDaniel D. Truong, Roongroj Bhidayasiri51 DystoniaStanley Fahn52 Chorea and related disordersRoongroj Bhidayasiri, Onanong Jitkritsadakul, Daniel D. Truong53 MyoclonusJohn N. Caviness, Daniel D. Truong54 Tics and Tourette syndromeValerie Suski, Mark Stacy55 AtaxiaSergey N. Illarioshkin56 Drug induced movement disordersRick Stell57 Paroxysmal movement disordersSopio Sopromadze, Alexander TsiskaridzePart 8 Infectious diseasesBacterial infections58 Acute bacterial meningitisSudesh Prabhakar59 Brain abscessGagandeep Singh60 Subdural empyemaSandi Lam, Eric Momin61 Epidural abscessSandi Lam, Humphrey Okechi, Jared Fridley62 Intracranial septic thrombophlebitisIsmail A. Khatri, Mohammad Wasay63 Encephalitis due to bacterial infectionsKaren L. Roos, Jennifer DurphyMycobacterial infections64 Mycobacterium tuberculosis and aviumEinar P. Wilder-Smith65 LeprosyMinh Le, Minh Hoang VanSpirochetal infections66 NeurosyphilisJonathan Carr67 Lyme diseasePatricia K. CoyleProtozoan diseases68 Introduction to protozoans of the central nervous systemMarylou V. Solbrig69 Amoebic disease of the central nervous systemMelanie Walker70 Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous systemMarylou V. Solbrig71 Cerebral malariaPolrat Wilairatana, Srivicha Krudsood, Noppadon Tangpukdee72 TrypanosomiasisFrancisco Javier Carod-ArtalHelminthic73 CestodesOscar H. Del Brutto74 Trematodes: schistosomiasisManjari Tripathi75 NematodesManjari TripathiOther infection76 Fungal infections of the central nervous systemThomas Cesario77 Rickettsial diseaseKelly J Baldwin, Narendra RathiPart 9 Prion diseases and Neurovirology78 Prion DisordersEllen Gelpi, Herbert Budka79 Acute and recurrent viral meningitisLarry E. Davis80 Acute viral encephalitisHeng Thay Chong, Chong Tin Tan81 Neurologic complications of human herpes virus infectionsDon Gilden, Maria A. Nagel82 Chronic viral diseases of the CNSMaria A. Nagel, Don Gilden83 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, PMLSalim Chahin, Thomas Weber, Joseph R. BergerHIV and the Nervous System84 Biology of the HIV Virus and overview of AIDSAlexandros C. Tselis85 HIV encephalitis and myelopathyGirish Modi, Kapila Hari, Andre Mochan86 Neuromuscular complications of HIVDavid M. Simpson, Kara Stavros87 Opportunistic Infections in HIV Positive Subjects and AIDS patientsB. J. Brew, A. Laffan88 Neurologic Complications of HTLV-1Abelardo Q-C Araujo, Marco A. Lima, Marcus Tulius SilvaPart 10 Demyelinating Disorders89 Multiple sclerosisRobert P. Lisak, Jun-Ichi Kira90 Multiple sclerosis in childrenSarah E. Hopkins, Yael Hacohen, Sona Narula, Brenda L Banwell91 Neuromyelitis opticaWilliam M. Carroll92 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitisSona Narula, Sarah E. Hopkins, Yael Hacohen, and Brenda Banwell93 Isolated inflammatory demyelinating CNS syndromesErnest Willoughby94 Osmotic demyelination syndromesOvidiu-Alexandru Bajenaru95 Concentric sclerosisTakeshi TabiraPart 11 Specific toxicities and deficiencies96 ToxicologyChin-Chang Huang, Nai-Shin Chu97 Alcohol related neurological disordersYuri Alekseenko98 Vitamin DeficienciesJacques Serratrice, Volodymyr Golyk99 Starvation, Strachan syndrome and postgastroplasty syndromeIvan Milanov, Vesselina GrozevaPart 12 Peripheral Neuropathies100 Peripheral Neuropathies overviewFriedhelm Sandbrink101 Hereditary neuropathiesLiying Cui, Mingsheng Liu102 Acquired NeuropathiesFriedhelm Sandbrink103 PlexopathiesFriedhelm SandbrinkPart 13 Neuromuscular DisordersHereditary Neuromuscular DisordersDegenerative upper and lower motor neuron disorders104 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)Björn Oskarsson, Nanette Joyce, Steven P. Ringel105 Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA)James Ha, Steven P. Ringel, Björn Oskarsson106 Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS)Nanette Joyce, Björn Oskarsson, Yvonne D. Rollins, Steven P. Ringel107 Hereditary spastic paraplegiaIldefonso Rodríguez-Leyva108 Spinal muscular atrophySabine Rudnik-Schöneborn, Klaus Zerres109 Post-polio syndromeNils Erik GilhusDegenerative Muscle Disorders110 Limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD)A. J. van der Kooi, M. de Visser111 DystrophinopathiesChiara S. M. Straathofa, Marianne de Visserb112 Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD)George W. Padberg113 Myotonic disordersGiovanni Meola, Rosanna Cardani114 Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD)Luis A. Chui, Tahseen Mozaffar, Namita A. Goyal115 Emery Dreifuss and other laminopathiesMalcolm Rabie, Yoram Nevo116 Muscle channelopathiesKaren Suetterlin, Michael G. Hanna117 Congenital dystrophies and myopathiesYoung-Chul Choi118 Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS)Angela Abicht, Ulrike Schara119 Distal myopathiesPhillipa J. Lamont, Nigel G. LaingAcquired Neuromuscular Disorders120 PolymyositisMarinos C. Dalakas121 DermatomyositisMarinos C. Dalakas122 Inclusion body myositis (IBM)Merrilee Needham, Frank L. Mastaglia123 Immune mediated inflammatory myopathiesWerner Stenzel, Hans-Hilmar Goebel, Olivier Benveniste, Yves Allenbach124 Toxic myopathiesStefen Brady, David Hilton-Jones125 Critical illness neuromuscular disordersNicola Latronico, Frank A. Rasulo126 Exercise intolerance and myoglobinuriaJohn Vissing127 Muscle crampsKimiyoshi Arimura, Raymond L. Rosales128 Myasthenia gravisRichard A. Lewis129 LEMSEmilia Kerty130 NMJ disorders caused by drugs and toxinsZohar ArgovPart 14 Neurogenetic131 NeurogeneticKaren P. Frei, Janice FuentesPart 15 Neurootology132 NeurootologyKevin A. KerberPart 16 Neuroophthalmology133 NeuroophthalmologyAnuchit PoonyathalangPart 17 Neuro-oncology134 Neuro-oncology overviewMarc C. ChamberlainGlial tumors135 High grade astrocytomasOlivier-L Chinot, Marc C. Chamberlain136 Low grade astrocytomasM.J. van den Bent137 Low grade and anaplastic oligodendrogliomaSergio Cabrera, Catherine Maurice, Warren P. Mason138 Brain stem gliomaIra J. Dunkel, Mark M. Souweidane139 Intracranial ependymomaMarc C. ChamberlainNon-glial tumors140 Nerve sheath tumorsNathan J. Ranalli, Zarina S. Ali, Gregory G. Heuer, Eric L. Zager141 MeningiomasJeffrey Raizer, Simran Singh142 MedulloblastomaAlba A. Brandes, Regina I. Jakacki, Enrico Franceschi143 Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL)Deborah T. Blumenthal, Idan Ben-HorinMetastatic tumors144 Brain metastasesBabita Jyoti, Farida Balkhi Alam, Silvia Hofer, Michael Brada145 Leptomeningeal metastasesEmilie Le Rhun, Sophie Taillibert, Marc C. Chamberlain146 Spinal epidural metastasesRoberta Rudà, Riccardo SoffiettiNeurologic complications of systemic cancer147 General approach to the diagnosis and treatment of paraneoplastic neurological disordersMyrna R. Rosenfeld, Josep DalmauPart 18 Sleep disorders148 InsomniaDelwyn J. Bartlett, Colin A. EspiePrimary disorders of daytime somnolence149 NarcolepsyMarcel Hungs150 Idiopathic hypersomniaMarcel Hungs151 Obstructive Sleep ApneaJanesh Patel, Christian Guilleminault152 Restless Leg syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement DisordersBirgit Högl, Birgit Frauscher, Claudio Podesta153 Circadian sleep disordersSergio Tufik, Lia R .A. Bittencourt, Monica L. AndersenParasomnias154 Arousal disordersLi Ling Lim155 REM Sleep Behavioral DisordersLi Ling Lim156 Hypnogenic paroxysmal DystoniaCynthia L. Comella157 Sleep abnormalities in Neurological DisordersMargaret Park, Cynthia L. ComellaPart 19 Spinal cord158 Spinal cord disordersDavid B. Vodušek, Miran Jeromel, Simon Podnar159 Ischemic and congestive myelopathiesSimon Podnar, Miran Jeromel, David B. Vodušek160 SyringomyeliaAlla GuekhtPart 20 Pediatric neurology161 Neonatal neurologyMary Payne, Ann Tilton162 Neurodevelopmental disordersAdam L. Numis, Raman Sankar163 Floppy infant syndromeJong-Hee Chae, Anna Cho164 Storage disordersJeffrey J. Ekstrand, Jason T. Lerner, Raman Sankar165 Fatty acid oxidation disordersThomas Wieser166 Disorders of amino acid, organic acid, and ammonia metabolismStephen Cederbaum167 Pediatric neurotransmitter diseasesStephen Deputy168 Mitochondrial encephalomyopathiesStacey K. H. Tay, Caterina Garone, Salvatore DiMauro169 Disorders resulting from transportersAnna Czlonkowska, David Gloss, Tomasz Litwin170 The porphyriasF. J. E. VajdaPart 21 CNS Trauma, Pain and Headache171 Traumatic brain injuryChristopher C. Giza172 Spinal InjuryEnver I. Bogdanov, Aisylu T. Faizutdinova173 Whiplash injuryAnthony Ciabarra174 Decompression sicknessAndreas Koch, Günther Deuschl175 PainGuillermo García-Ramos, Bernardo Cacho-Díaz, Bruno Estañol-Vidal176 HeadacheStephen D. Silberstein177 Facial and neck painKammant Phanthumchinda178 Chronic Fatigue SyndromeJasem Yousef Al-Hashel179 FibromyalgiaSaeed Bohlega, Hussam Abou Al-ShaarIndex