This book explains applications of geostatistics in mining and petroleum engineering and presents advances in theoretical geostatistics. The 12th International Geostatistical Congress follows a long tradition where theoreticians, engineers and practitioners working on geostatistics gather for four days. In 2024, the 12th International Geostatistical Congress was held in the middle of the North Atlantic in Azores. This edition covers the fields of mineral and energy resources engineering, environment, hydrology, ecology, soil sciences, remote sensing, agriculture, fishery, health, spatial data science and the challenges related to sustainable development and carbon neutrality.