International Dimensions and Trends in Higher Education in Troubled Times

Lizhou Wang, Ph.D., Center for International Higher Education (CIHE), Boston College, USA, is a research associate at the University of Tokyo, Japan. She studies and publishes on the internationalization of higher education and the international mobility of students and programs.Philip G. Altbach, Ph.D., is professor emeritus and distinguished fellow at CIHE, Boston College. He is the author of Global Perspectives on Higher Education and other books. He is the founding editor of International Higher Education.Hans de Wit, Ph.D., is professor emeritus and distinguished fellow at CIHE, Boston College. He is co-editor of International Higher Education and Policy Reviews in Higher Education and the Brill book series Global Perspectives on Higher Education.

• PrefaceNotes on ContributorsIntroduction: Contemporary Crises in International Higher Education—Context and ChallengesLizhou Wang, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de WitPART 1: Geopolitical Tensions and Academic (Dis)EngagementIntroduction to Part 11 Global Engagement in a Time of Geopolitical Tensions—A New Cold WarPhilip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit2 Safeguarding Sound International CollaborationIngrid d’Hooghe and Jonas Lammertink3 Knowledge Diplomacy: Findings, Misunderstandings, and ChallengesJane Knight4 China–Global Relations—A Higher Education Cold War?Lizhou Wang and Wen Wen5 US–China Geopolitical Tensions—Implications for Universities and ScienceXiaojie Li and Jenny J. Lee6 Decoding Discord—Paradoxes, Misperceptions and Risks in EU–China Higher Education CooperationYuzhuo Cai7 International Collaboration with Russia and China—Researchers Face Difficult ChoicesJonathan Adams, Jonathan Grant, Jo Johnson and Daniel Murphy8 The Argument for Academic Engagement with ChinaWilliam C. KirbyPART 2: Nationalism and Populism; Threats to Autonomy and Academic Freedom in the UniversityIntroduction to Part 29 Do We Share a Common University Identity?Akiyoshi Yonezawa10 Higher Education in the Age of Populism—Public Good and Civic EngagementEllen Hazelkorn11 Higher Education Values and Social ResponsibilityEva Egron-Polak12 The Woke Debate in Academia—What Could Take Us Further?Carel Stolker13 Universities without Academic Freedom Have No Place in RankingsCarsten A. Holz14 Academic Freedom in Latin America and the Deceptive Comfort of AutonomyAndrés Bernasconi15 Speaking Out for Science and DemocracyMarcelo Knobel and Goolam Mohamedbhai16 A New Magna Charta UniversitatumSijbolt NoordaPART 3: Challenges to Equity and InclusionIntroduction to Part 317 Higher Education Equity Policies across the GlobeJamil Salmi18 What Works to Reduce Inequality in Higher Education?Koen Geven and Estelle Herbaut19 Gender and Higher Education—Increasing Exposure of Harassment and Pay GapsEllen Hazelkorn20 An Agenda in Motion—Women’s Issues in Latin American Higher EducationAlma Maldonado-Maldonado and Felicitas Acosta21 The Unfinished Nature of Women’s Leadership in Higher EducationTessa DeLaquil22 Anti-Blackness and Racism in International Higher EducationGerardo Blanco, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit23 Black International Student Lives MatterChrystal A. George Mwangi24 Internationalization of Higher Education and the Advantage of DiasporaFazal Rizvi25 The Complexities of Engaging Africa’s Academic DiasporaAyenachew A. Woldegiyorgis26 International Students and Diaspora Roots/RoutesAnnette BambergerPART 4: Private Higher EducationIntroduction to Part 427 Private Higher Education Globally—A Distant Second Place?Daniel C. Levy28 The Quiet Global Revolution of Elite Private Higher EducationPhilip G. Altbach29 Family-Owned Universities: Fit for the Twenty-First Century?Edward Choi, Philip G. Altbach, Hans de Wit and Matt R. Allen30 Private vs. Public Funding for Higher EducationPhilip G. Altbach, Hans de Wit and Ayenachew A. Woldegiyorgis31 Private Higher Education in Egypt—From Necessary Evil to Celebrated PlayerGhada Barsoum32 Private Higher Education in a Dominantly Public Sector—The Case of GermanyBarbara M. Kehm33 Vietnam—Public–Private Higher Education Debates in a Communist StateQuang Chau34 Romania—Public–Private Divide in a Dual-Track SystemGeorgiana Mihut35 Argentina’s Private Universities—Stringent Regulation of a Small but Consolidated SectorDante J. Salto36 For-Profit Higher Education in Latin America—Exception or Precursor?Dante J. Salto and Daniel C. LevyPART 5: Research, Dissemination and Doctoral EducationIntroduction to Part 537 World Research—Networking, Growth, and DiversificationSimon Marginson38 Missing from UNESCO’s Roadmap for the Future—The Research Mission of UniversitiesPhilip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit39 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global ResearchXin Xu40 Research Evaluation—Unraveling the Metrics-Driven PressuresEmanuel Kulczycki41 Too Much Academic Research Is Being PublishedPhilip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit42 Knowledge Production for AllAlma Maldonado-Maldonado and Jenny J. Lee43 Publish or PerishMaria Yudkevich44 Does International Publishing Still Matter for China’s Social Sciences Scholars?Qiang Zha45 Exponential Growth of Higher Education Research and the Challenges for Peer ReviewMarco Seeber46 Doctoral Education: Global PerspectivesVictor Rudakov and Maria Yudkevich47 Undervaluing Doctoral Education Post COVIDTessa DeLaquil and Lizhou Wang48 What Is a PhD Useful for?Cláudia S. Sarrico49 China’s Academic Profession Hit by “Involution”Qiang ZhaPART 6: Funding and FeesIntroduction to Part 650 Performance Funding as Neoliberal PolicyRebecca S. Natow and Kevin J. Dougherty51 Does Performance-Based Funding Work? A European PerspectiveBen Jongbloed and Ariane de Gayardon52 Free Higher Education—On and Off the Agenda with the Political TideAriane de Gayardon53 The Allure of Free TuitionJohn Aubrey Douglass54 Rethinking International Fees and Global PartnershipsAdam Habib55 Needed—Financing Policies That Are Both Affordable and SustainableArthur M. HauptmanPART 7: Other Trends in International Higher EducationIntroduction to Part 756 The Widening Space of Postsecondary EducationDirk Van Damme57 Is Employability Displacing Higher Education?Simon Marginson58 North–South Cooperation in Higher Education—Revisiting International Aid FlowsFrancesc Pedró59 Can Academic Corruption Be Eradicated?Liz Reisberg60 Global Liberal Education: Contradictory Trends and Heightened ControversyMary-Ellen Boyle61 Where Is Value in Digital Higher Education—From Commodities to AssetsJanja Komljenovic62 Too Many People Left Behind—The Crucial Importance of TVETEllen Hazelkorn63 STEERing into the Swerve—Adjusting to the Challenges and Opportunities Forced by COVID-19Roberta Malee Bassett64 Impact of COVID-19 on Higher Education from an Equity PerspectiveJamil Salmi65 “Futurology” and Higher Education in the Post-COVID-19 EnvironmentWilliam Locke66 Rankings and the Public Good Role of Higher EducationEllen Hazelkorn67 Measuring Education Quality in Global Rankings—What’s the Likelihood?Philip G. Altbach and Ellen Hazelkorn68 Tertiary Education Is Indispensable to Achieve the Sustainable Development GoalsJamil Salmi69 Can We Measure Universities’ Impact on Climate Change?Tristan McCowan70 Higher Education and the SDG s in Africa—More of the Same?Damtew TeferraPART 8: Regional Developments and TrendsIntroduction to Part 871 Differentiation and Diversification in Emerging African Higher EducationPatrício V. Langa72 Why Latin America Needs World-Class UniversitiesPhilip G. Altbach and Jamil Salmi73 Realism about Indian Higher EducationPhilip G. Altbach74 European Higher Education—Looking Back, Looking ForwardAndrée Sursock75 The European Universities Initiative: Championing Excellence and Inclusion?Lee Rensimer and Rachel Brooks76 The Transformation of Post-Soviet Higher Education SystemsDana Abdrasheva and Emma Sabzalieva77 Many Arab Professors Lose Interest in AcademiaRasha FaekPART 9: Mobility Trends in Transnational EducationIntroduction to Part 978 Metatrends in Mobility—Education Hubs and the New Multipolar Structure of International Student MobilityChris R. Glass and Natalie I. Cruz79 International Students in Non-Anglophone Countries: Challenges and OpportunitiesHans de Wit and Lizhou Wang80 Education Agents and Their Work with UniversitiesVincenzo Raimo, Iona Yuelu Huang and Eddie West81 The Challenges of Attracting and Retaining International FacultyWondwosen Tamrat82 Broadening Our Understanding of “International Academic Staff”—Nationality as a New Marker of DiversityGiulio Marini83 Definitions of Transnational Higher EducationStephen Wilkins84 Rethinking the Relevance of International Branch CampusesPhilip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit85 International Branch Campuses—Success FactorsRichard Garrett86 International Branch Campuses—Current Trends and Future PossibilitiesStephen Wilkins87 The Future of UK Universities’ Transnational Education EngagementJanet Ilieva and Vangelis TsiligirisPART 10: Trends in Internationalization of Higher EducationIntroduction to Part 1088 Internationalization in Higher Education—Critical Reflections on Its Conceptual EvolutionHans de Wit89 Not Your Parents’ Internationalization—Next Generation PerspectivesLaura E. Rumbley and Douglas Proctor90 Globally Engaged and Locally Relevant—Revisiting Higher EducationJanet Ilieva and Vangelis Tsiligiris91 China’s Internationalization of Higher Education—The Barrier WithinRui Yang92 Internationalization in Isolation: COVID-19 ImplicationsDaniela Crăciun and Ariane de Gayardon93 Internationalization of Higher Education and the Future of the PlanetLaura E. Rumbley94 Forced Internationalization of Higher Education—An Emerging PhenomenonHakan Ergin, Hans de Wit and Betty Leask95 How Can We Extend the Boundaries of Our Own Knowing?Betty Leask96 COIL as a Way to Enhance Internationalization—Balancing Evidence and ProliferationMaia Gelashvili and Gerardo Blanco97 Internationalization of Medical Education—Concepts and Approaches for ActionAnette Wu98 The Unstoppable Spread of English in the Global UniversityRosemary Salomone99 National Policies and the Role of English in Higher EducationXinyan Liu100 Globalization of English Language and Culture—Let’s Change English Language InstructionGareth Humphreys