Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with Smart Grid

M. Kathiresh PhD from Anna University and is a faculty member in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Anna University, India. He is the recipient of the IE Young Achiever Award in 2020.A. Mahaboob Subahani PhD works in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Anna University, India. He has published more than 20 journal and conference papers. G.R. Kanagachidambaresan PhD from PSG College of Technology, Anna University is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering in Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology. He has published more than 25 articles in SCI journals, edited more than 8 books, published more than 10 patents, developed and copyrighted more than 10 pieces of software.

• Preface xv1 Renewable Energy Technologies 1V. Chamundeswari, R. Niraimathi, M. Shanthi and A. Mahaboob Subahani1. Introduction 11.1 Types of Renewable Energy 21.1.1 Solar Energy 31.1.2 Wind Energy 71.1.3 Fuel Cell 81.1.4 Biomass Energy 111.1.5 Hydro-Electric Energy 131.1.6 Geothermal Energy 14References 172 Present Power Scenario in India 19Niraimathi R., Pradeep V., Shanthi M. and Kathiresh M.2.1 Introduction 202.2 Thermal Power Plant 202.2.1 Components of Thermal Power Plant 212.2.2 Major Thermal Power Plants in India 232.3 Gas-Based Power Generation 242.3.1 Basics of Gas-Based Power Generation 242.3.2 Major Gas-Based Power Plants in India 252.4 Nuclear Power Plants 262.4.1 India’s Hold in Nuclear Power 272.4.2 Major Nuclear Power Plants 272.4.3 Currently Operational Nuclear Power Plants 282.4.4 Challenges of Nuclear Power Plants 282.5 Hydropower Generation 292.5.1 Pumped Storage Plants 292.6 Solar Power 302.6.1 Photovoltaic 302.6.2 Photovoltaic Solar Power System 302.6.3 Concentrated Solar Power System 312.6.4 Major Solar Parks in India 322.7 Wind Energy 322.8 The Inherited Structure 34References 343 Introduction to Smart Grid 37G. R. Hemanth, S. Charles Raja and P. Venkatesh3.1 Need for Smart Grid in India 383.2 Present Power Scenario in India 383.2.1 Performance of Generation From Conventional Sources 403.2.2 Status of Renewable Energy Sources 403.3 Electric Grid 433.3.1 Evolving Scenario of the Electric Grid 453.3.1.1 Integrated Grid 463.3.1.2 Prosumers 463.3.1.3 Transmission v/s Energy Storage 473.3.1.4 Changing Nature of Loads 473.3.1.5 Electric Vehicles 483.3.1.6 Microgrids 483.4 Overview of Smart Grids 493.4.1 Purpose of Smart Grid 493.5 Smart Grid Components for Transmission System 503.5.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System 503.5.1.1 SCADA Overview 513.5.1.2 Components of SCADA 513.5.2 Energy Management System 523.5.3 Wide-Area Monitoring System 523.6 Smart Grid Functions Used in Distribution System 533.6.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System 533.6.2 Distribution Management System 543.6.3 Distribution Automation 543.6.4 Substation Automation 553.6.5 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 553.6.6 Geographical Information System 573.6.7 Peak Load Management 583.6.8 Demand Response 583.6.9 Power Quality Management 593.6.10 Outage Management System 593.6.11 Distribution Transformer Monitoring System 593.6.12 Enterprise Application Integration 593.6.13 Smart Street Lights 603.6.14 Energy Storage 603.6.15 Cyber Security 603.6.16 Analytics 603.7 Case Study: Techno-Economic Analysis 613.7.1 Peak Load Shaving and Metering Efficiency 613.7.2 Outage Management System 633.7.3 Loss Detection 643.7.4 Tamper Analysis 663.8 Case Study: Solar PV Awareness of Puducherry SG Pilot Project 693.9 Recent Trends in Smart Grids 703.9.1 Smart GRIP Architecture 703.9.2 Implementation of Smart Meter With Prepaid Facility 74References 744 Internet of Things–Based Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Smart Grids 77V. Gomathy, V. Kavitha, C. Nayantara, J. Mohammed Feros Khan, Vimalarani G. and S. Sheeba Rani4.1 Introduction 784.1.1 Smart Grids 784.1.2 Smart Meters 804.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 814.2.1 Smart Devices 824.2.2 Communication 834.2.3 Data Management System 854.2.4 Mathematical Modeling 874.2.5 Energy Theft Detection Techniques 894.3 IoT-Based Advanced Metering Infrastructure 894.3.1 Intrusion Detection System 904.4 Results 934.5 Discussion 944.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 97References 975 Requirements for Integrating Renewables With Smart Grid 101Indrajit Sarkar5.1 Introduction 1025.1.1 Smart Grid 1025.1.2 Renewable Energy Resources 1055.1.3 How Smart Grids Enable Renewables 1115.1.4 Smart Grid and Distributed Generation 1115.1.5 Grid Integration Terminologies 1125.2 Challenges in Integrating Renewables Into Smart Grid 1125.2.1 The Power Flow Control of Distributed Energy Resources 1135.2.2 Investments on New Renewable Energy Generations 1135.2.3 Transmission Expansion 1145.2.4 Improved Flexibility 1145.2.5 High Penetration of Renewables in Future 1155.2.6 Standardizing Control of ESS 1155.2.7 Regulations 1165.2.8 Standards 1165.3 Conclusion 116References 1176 Grid Energy Storage Technologies 119Chandra Sekhar Nalamati6.1 Introduction 1206.1.1 Need of Energy Storage System 1216.1.2 Services Provided by Energy Storage System 1226.2 Grid Energy Storage Technologies: Classification 1236.2.1 Pumped Hydro Storage System 1236.2.2 Compressed Air Storage System 1246.2.3 Flywheel Energy Storage System 1256.2.4 Superconducting Magnet Storage System 1256.2.5 Battery Storage System 1276.2.6 Capacitors and Super Capacitor Storage System 1296.2.7 Fuel Cell Energy Storage System 1306.2.8 Thermal Storage System 1316.3 Grid Energy Storage Technologies: Analogy 1326.4 Applications of Energy Storage System 1356.5 Power Conditioning of Energy Storage System 1366.6 Conclusions 136References 1377 Multi-Mode Power Converter Topology for Renewable Energy Integration With Smart Grid 141M. Sathiyanathan, S. Jaganathan and R. L. Josephine7.1 Introduction 1427.2 Literature Survey 1447.3 System Architecture 1457.3.1 Solar PV Array 1467.3.2 Wind Energy Generator 1477.4 Modes of Operation of Multi-Mode Power Converter 1497.4.1 Buck Mode 1507.4.2 Boost Mode 1527.4.3 Bi-Directional Mode 1557.5 Control Scheme 1587.5.1 Mode Selection 1597.5.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking 1597.5.3 Reconfigurable SPWM Generation 1617.6 Results and Discussion 1637.7 Conclusion 167References 1688 Decoupled Control With Constant DC Link Voltage for PV-Fed Single-Phase Grid Connected Systems 171C. Maria Jenisha8.1 Introduction 1718.2 Schematic of the Grid-Tied Solar PV System 1738.2.1 DC Link Voltage Controller 1758.2.2 MPPT Controller 1768.2.3 SPWM-Based dq Controller 1768.3 Simulation and Experimental Results of the Grid Tied Solar PV System 1788.4 Conclusion 183References 1849 Wind Energy Conversion System Feeding Remote Microgrid 187K. Arthishri and N. Kumaresan9.1 Introduction 1889.2 Literature Review 1899.3 Direct Grid Connected Configurations of Three-Phase WDIG Feeding Single-Phase Grid 1919.4 Three-Phase WDIG Feeding Single-Phase Grid With Power Converters 1919.5 Performance of the Three-Phase Wind Generator System Feeding Power to Single-Phase Grid 1939.5.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics 1939.5.2 Generator Analysis 1949.6 Power Converter Configurations 1989.6.1 Configuration 1: WDIG With Uncontrolled Rectifier–Line Commutated Inverter 1989.6.2 Configuration 2: WDIG With Uncontrolled Rectifier–(DC-DC)–Line Commutated Inverter 2009.6.2.1 Closed-Loop Operation of UR-DC/DC-LCI Configuration 2009.6.3 Configuration 3: WDIG With Uncontrolled Rectifier–Voltage Source Inverter 2019.6.3.1 Closed-Loop Operation of UR-VSI Configuration 2029.7 Conclusion 204References 20410 Microgrid Protection 209Suman M., Srividhya S. and Padmagirisan P.10.1 Introduction 20910.2 Necessity of Distributed Energy Resources 21010.3 Concept of Microgrid 21010.4 Why the Protection With Microgrid is Different From the Conventional Distribution System Protection 21110.4.1 Role of the Type of DER on Protection 21210.5 Foremost Challenges in Microgrid Protection 21210.5.1 Relay Blinding 21210.5.2 Variations in Fault Current Level 21310.5.3 Selectivity 21410.5.4 False/Unnecessary Tripping 21410.5.5 Loss of Mains (Islanding Condition) 21410.6 Microgrid Protection 21510.6.1 Overcurrent Protection 21510.6.2 Distance Protection 21610.6.2.1 Effect of Distributed Generator Inclusion in the Distribution System on Distance Relay 21810.6.3 Differential Protection 21910.6.3.1 Drawbacks in Differential Protection 22010.6.4 Hybrid Tripping Relay Characteristic 22010.6.5 Voltage-Based Methods 22110.6.6 Adaptive Protection Methods 22210.7 Literature Survey 22310.8 Comparison of Various Existing Protection Schemes for Microgrids 22510.9 Loss of Mains (Islanding) 22510.10 Necessity to Detect the Unplanned Islanding 22710.10.1 Health Hazards to Maintenance Personnel 22710.10.2 Unsynchronized Reclosing 22810.10.3 Ineffective Grounding 22810.10.4 Inept Protection 22910.10.5 Loss of Voltage and Frequency Control 22910.11 Unplanned Islanding Identification Methods 22910.11.1 Communication-Based Methods (Remote Method) 23010.11.2 Non-Communication–Based Methods (Local Method) 23010.11.2.1 Passive Method 23010.11.2.2 Active Method 23110.11.2.3 Hybrid Method 23210.12 Comparison of Unplanned Islanding Identification Methods 23410.13 Discussion 23410.14 Conclusion 235References 23511 Microgrid Optimization and Integration of Renewable Energy Resources: Innovation, Challenges and Prospects 239Blesslin Sheeba T., G. Jims John Wessley, Kanagaraj V., Kamatchi S., A. Radhika and Janeera D.A.11.1 Introduction 24011.2 Microgrids 24211.3 Renewable Energy Sources 24511.3.1 Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) 24611.3.2 Distributed Storage Technologies 24711.3.3 Combined Heat and Power 24811.4 Integration of RES in Microgrid 24811.5 Microgrid Optimization Schemes 25011.5.1 Load Forecasting Schemes 25111.5.2 Generation Unit Control 25211.5.3 Storage Unit Control 25211.5.4 Data Monitoring and Transmission 25311.5.4.1 Communication Systems 25411.5.5 Energy Management and Power Flow 25611.6 Challenges in Implementation of Microgrids 25711.7 Future Prospects of Microgrids 25911.8 Conclusion 259References 26012 Challenges in Planning and Operation of Large-Scale Renewable Energy Resources Such as Solar and Wind 263J. Vishnupriyan and A. Dhanasekaran12.1 Introduction 26412.2 Solar Grid Integration 26512.3 Wind Energy Grid Integration 26712.4 Challenges in the Integration of Renewable Energy Systems with Grid 26712.4.1 Disturbances in the Grid Side 26912.4.2 Virtual Synchronous Machine Method 27112.4.3 Frequency Control 27212.4.4 Solar Photovoltaic Array in Frequency Regulation 27512.4.5 Harmonics 27512.5 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) 27612.6 Conclusion 277References 27813 Mitigating Measures to Address Challenges of Renewable Integration—Forecasting, Scheduling, Dispatch, Balancing, Monitoring, and Control 281K. Latha Maheswari, B. Sathya and A. Maideen Abdhulkader Jeylani13.1 Introduction 28213.2 Microgrid 28313.2.1 Types of Microgrid 28413.2.1.1 DC Microgrid 28413.2.1.2 AC Microgrid 28513.2.1.3 Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid 28613.3 Large-Scale Integration of Renewables: Issues and Challenges 28713.4 A Review on Short-Term Load Forecasting Methods 28813.4.1 Short-Term Load Forecasting Methods 29013.4.1.1 Statistical Technique 29013.5 Overview on Control of Microgrid 29113.5.1 Need for Microgrid Control 29113.5.2 Fully Centralized Control 29213.5.3 Decentralized Control 29213.5.4 Hierarchical Control 29313.5.4.1 Primary Control 29313.5.4.2 Secondary Control 29513.5.4.3 Tertiary Control 29513.6 Measures to Support Large-Scale Renewable Integration 29613.6.1 Basic Idea of Preventive Control 29713.6.1.1 Maximum Output Control Mode 29713.6.1.2 Output Following Mode 298References 29814 Mitigation Measures for Power Quality Issues in Renewable Energy Integration and Impact of IoT in Grid Control 305Hepsiba D., L.D. Vijay Anand, Granty Regina Elwin J., J.B. Shajilin and D. Ruth Anita Shirley14.1 Introduction 30614.2 Impact of Power Quality Issues 30814.2.1 Power Quality in Renewable Energy 31414.2.2 Power Quality Issues in Wind and Solar Renewable Energy 31614.2.2.1 Wind Renewable Energy 31614.2.2.2 Solar Renewable Energy 31714.3 Mitigation of Power Quality Issues 31714.3.1 UPQC 31714.3.2 DVR 31814.3.3 D-STATCOM 31914.3.4 UPS 31914.3.5 TVSS 32014.3.6 Internet of Things in Distributed Generations Systems 32014.4 Discussions 32114.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 322References 32315 Smart Grid Implementations and Feasibilities 327Suresh N. S., Padmavathy N. S., S. Arul Daniel and Ramakrishna Kappagantu15.1 Introduction 32815.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies—Literature Review 32815.2 Need for Smart Grid 32915.2.1 Smart Grid Description 33015.3 Smart Grid Sensing, Measurement, Control, and Automation Technologies 33115.3.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 33215.3.2 Key Components of AMI 33215.3.3 Smart Meter 33215.3.4 Communication Infrastructure and Protocols for AMI 33315.3.4.1 Data Concentrator Unit 33415.3.5 Benefits of AMI 33515.3.6 Peak Load Management 33615.3.7 Distribution Management System 33615.3.8 Distribution Automation System 33715.4 Implementation of Smart Grid Project 33915.4.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation 33915.4.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Project 34115.4.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid 34115.5 Solar PV System Implementation Barriers 34215.6 Smart Grid and Microgrid in Other Areas 34315.6.1 Maritime Power System 34315.6.2 Space Electrical Grids 34315.7 Conclusion 344References 345Index 347