Hirley Alves is an Associate Professor, Head of the Machine-type Wireless Communications Group, and Coordinator of the 6G Flagship Strategic Research Area 1 – Massive Wireless Automation at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.Konstantin Mikhaylov is an Assistant Professor in the field of Convergent IoT Communications for Vertical Systems at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.Marko Höyhtyä is a Research Professor at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and an Associate Professor at the Finnish National Defence University.

• Contributors xixPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxvAcronyms xxviiAbout the Companion Website xxxvii1 Introduction and Motivation 1Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä1.1 Motivation 11.2 Connectivity Solutions and Satellite Integration 41.3 Outlook 102 Machine-Type Communications, the Internet of Things, and Satellite Networks: Drivers, Use Cases, and Requirements 17Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä2.1 Introduction 172.2 Drivers 182.3 Pertinent Use Cases for Satellite Internet of Things 202.4 Requirements and Key Value and Performance Indicators 242.5 Outlook 313 Non-terrestrial Network Support for Massive Machine-Type Communication: Architectural and Radio Channel Model Considerations 37Carla Amatetti, Alessandro Guidotti, and Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli3.1 Introduction 373.2 Internet of Things --Nonterrestrial Networks in the 3GPP Standard 393.3 Non-terrestrial Network System Architectures for 5G New Radio 403.4 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Characteristics 483.5 Link Budget Characterization 553.6 Outlook 634 Constellation Design for New Space Applications 67Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo and Marko Höyhtyä4.1 Satellite Orbital Formations 674.2 Characteristics of Constellations and Main Parameters 704.3 Constellation Design 764.4 Operation of Satellites in the Orbit 864.5 Outlook 875 Physical-Layer Aspects of Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Integration 91Houcine Chougrani, Oltjon Kodheli, Wallace A. Martins, Haythem Chaker, and Symeon Chatzinotas5.1 Introduction 915.2 Machine-Type Communication Technology Landscape 925.3 Satellite Challenges from a Physical-Layer Perspective 965.4 Techniques for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 1085.5 Roadmap for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 1135.6 Outlook 1146 An Overview of Medium Access Control Protocols in Machine-Type Communication Satellite Internet-of-Things Networks 119Muhammad Asad Ullah, Federico Clazzer, Andrea Munari, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Hirley Alves6.1 Introduction 1196.2 Satellite Internet of Things: An Overview 1216.3 Performance Metrics for Medium Access Control 1296.4 Medium Access Control Protocols Classification 1316.5 Medium Access Control Protocols Overview 1326.6 Open Challenges 1396.7 Outlook 1407 Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Connectivity: A Network Perspective 147Luca Lodigiani and Mihály Varga7.1 Introduction 1477.2 Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks -- 3GPP Release 17 1487.3 Network Characteristics and Challenges of the Nonterrestrial Massive Machine-Type Communication System 1627.4 Internet-of-Things Nonterrestrial Network Evolution -- Releases 18, 19, and Beyond 1767.5 Outlook: A Look Out Toward the 6G Massive Machine-Type Communication Network 1848 6G Satellite Network Architecture with Onboard Computing Capabilities 193Taeyeoun Kim, Jeongho Kwak, and Jihwan P. Choi8.1 Introduction 1938.2 6G Onboard Processing Satellites 1948.3 6G Satellite Networks 2028.4 Outlook 2129 Role of Software-Defined Networking in Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Connectivity 215Ahan Kak, Van-Quan Pham, Huu-Trung Thieu, and Nakjung Choi9.1 Introduction 2159.2 State of the Art 2179.3 Key Enabling Technologies 2199.4 Space Fabric Design and Description 2259.5 Use Cases 2359.6 Research Challenges 2379.7 Outlook 23910 Cybersecurity for Machines in Satellite–Terrestrial Networks 245Jani Suomalainen and Ijaz Ahmad10.1 Introduction 24510.2 Security Challenges 24610.3 Security Solutions 25410.4 Future Research 26010.5 Outlook 26411 Dual-Function Strategies for Heterogeneous 6G Internet-of-Things Systems 273Antti Anttonen11.1 Introduction 27311.2 Communication and Sensing 27411.3 Communication and Power Transfer 27911.4 Communication and Computing 28511.5 Outlook 29312 Simulators, Emulators, and Visualization Tools for Analysis of Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 301Mikko Majanen, Sandrine Boumard, Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo, and Jani Puttonen12.1 Introduction 30112.2 State-of-the-Art Survey 30412.3 Example Simulation Process with SCNE 31712.4 Outlook and Future Work 32313 Applications and Business Prospects of Integrated Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Networks 329Marco Guadalupi, Ramon Ferrús, Josep Ferrer, Gianluca Redolfi, and Stephan Bernard13.1 Introduction 32913.2 Satellite Internet of Things/Machine-Type Communication Market and Business Prospects 33113.3 3GPP Ecosystem and Business Models 34513.4 Toward the Realization of Cost-Efficient Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication Systems 34913.5 Illustrative Assessments 35613.6 Outlook 36414 Regulation and Spectrum Opportunities in Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 369Sandrine Boumard, Miia Mustonen, and Marja Matinmikko-Blue14.1 Regulations of Radio Frequencies and Satellites Orbits 36914.2 Spectrum Management Techniques 37514.3 Frequency Allocations for Machine-Type Communication 38014.4 Challenges and Opportunities 38414.5 Outlook 38715 3GPP Standardization of Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks 393Helka-Liina Määttänen, Gino Masini, Robert S. Karlsson, Emre A. Yavuz, and Talha Khan15.1 Introduction 39315.2 Scenarios 39515.3 Architecture 39615.4 Physical Layer 40315.5 User Plane 40615.6 System Information 40815.7 Mobility 41015.8 Outlook 414Copyright Notice 414Bibliography 415Index 417

Hirley Alves is an Associate Professor, Head of the Machine-type Wireless Communications Group, and Coordinator of the 6G Flagship Strategic Research Area 1 – Massive Wireless Automation at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.Konstantin Mikhaylov is an Assistant Professor in the field of Convergent IoT Communications for Vertical Systems at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.Marko Höyhtyä is a Research Professor at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and an Associate Professor at the Finnish National Defence University.

• Contributors xixPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxvAcronyms xxviiAbout the Companion Website xxxvii1 Introduction and Motivation 1Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä1.1 Motivation 11.2 Connectivity Solutions and Satellite Integration 41.3 Outlook 102 Machine-Type Communications, the Internet of Things, and Satellite Networks: Drivers, Use Cases, and Requirements 17Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä2.1 Introduction 172.2 Drivers 182.3 Pertinent Use Cases for Satellite Internet of Things 202.4 Requirements and Key Value and Performance Indicators 242.5 Outlook 313 Non-terrestrial Network Support for Massive Machine-Type Communication: Architectural and Radio Channel Model Considerations 37Carla Amatetti, Alessandro Guidotti, and Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli3.1 Introduction 373.2 Internet of Things --Nonterrestrial Networks in the 3GPP Standard 393.3 Non-terrestrial Network System Architectures for 5G New Radio 403.4 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Characteristics 483.5 Link Budget Characterization 553.6 Outlook 634 Constellation Design for New Space Applications 67Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo and Marko Höyhtyä4.1 Satellite Orbital Formations 674.2 Characteristics of Constellations and Main Parameters 704.3 Constellation Design 764.4 Operation of Satellites in the Orbit 864.5 Outlook 875 Physical-Layer Aspects of Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Integration 91Houcine Chougrani, Oltjon Kodheli, Wallace A. Martins, Haythem Chaker, and Symeon Chatzinotas5.1 Introduction 915.2 Machine-Type Communication Technology Landscape 925.3 Satellite Challenges from a Physical-Layer Perspective 965.4 Techniques for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 1085.5 Roadmap for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 1135.6 Outlook 1146 An Overview of Medium Access Control Protocols in Machine-Type Communication Satellite Internet-of-Things Networks 119Muhammad Asad Ullah, Federico Clazzer, Andrea Munari, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Hirley Alves6.1 Introduction 1196.2 Satellite Internet of Things: An Overview 1216.3 Performance Metrics for Medium Access Control 1296.4 Medium Access Control Protocols Classification 1316.5 Medium Access Control Protocols Overview 1326.6 Open Challenges 1396.7 Outlook 1407 Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Connectivity: A Network Perspective 147Luca Lodigiani and Mihály Varga7.1 Introduction 1477.2 Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks -- 3GPP Release 17 1487.3 Network Characteristics and Challenges of the Nonterrestrial Massive Machine-Type Communication System 1627.4 Internet-of-Things Nonterrestrial Network Evolution -- Releases 18, 19, and Beyond 1767.5 Outlook: A Look Out Toward the 6G Massive Machine-Type Communication Network 1848 6G Satellite Network Architecture with Onboard Computing Capabilities 193Taeyeoun Kim, Jeongho Kwak, and Jihwan P. Choi8.1 Introduction 1938.2 6G Onboard Processing Satellites 1948.3 6G Satellite Networks 2028.4 Outlook 2129 Role of Software-Defined Networking in Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Connectivity 215Ahan Kak, Van-Quan Pham, Huu-Trung Thieu, and Nakjung Choi9.1 Introduction 2159.2 State of the Art 2179.3 Key Enabling Technologies 2199.4 Space Fabric Design and Description 2259.5 Use Cases 2359.6 Research Challenges 2379.7 Outlook 23910 Cybersecurity for Machines in Satellite–Terrestrial Networks 245Jani Suomalainen and Ijaz Ahmad10.1 Introduction 24510.2 Security Challenges 24610.3 Security Solutions 25410.4 Future Research 26010.5 Outlook 26411 Dual-Function Strategies for Heterogeneous 6G Internet-of-Things Systems 273Antti Anttonen11.1 Introduction 27311.2 Communication and Sensing 27411.3 Communication and Power Transfer 27911.4 Communication and Computing 28511.5 Outlook 29312 Simulators, Emulators, and Visualization Tools for Analysis of Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 301Mikko Majanen, Sandrine Boumard, Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo, and Jani Puttonen12.1 Introduction 30112.2 State-of-the-Art Survey 30412.3 Example Simulation Process with SCNE 31712.4 Outlook and Future Work 32313 Applications and Business Prospects of Integrated Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Networks 329Marco Guadalupi, Ramon Ferrús, Josep Ferrer, Gianluca Redolfi, and Stephan Bernard13.1 Introduction 32913.2 Satellite Internet of Things/Machine-Type Communication Market and Business Prospects 33113.3 3GPP Ecosystem and Business Models 34513.4 Toward the Realization of Cost-Efficient Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication Systems 34913.5 Illustrative Assessments 35613.6 Outlook 36414 Regulation and Spectrum Opportunities in Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 369Sandrine Boumard, Miia Mustonen, and Marja Matinmikko-Blue14.1 Regulations of Radio Frequencies and Satellites Orbits 36914.2 Spectrum Management Techniques 37514.3 Frequency Allocations for Machine-Type Communication 38014.4 Challenges and Opportunities 38414.5 Outlook 38715 3GPP Standardization of Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks 393Helka-Liina Määttänen, Gino Masini, Robert S. Karlsson, Emre A. Yavuz, and Talha Khan15.1 Introduction 39315.2 Scenarios 39515.3 Architecture 39615.4 Physical Layer 40315.5 User Plane 40615.6 System Information 40815.7 Mobility 41015.8 Outlook 414Copyright Notice 414Bibliography 415Index 417

Hirley Alves is an Associate Professor, Head of the Machine-type Wireless Communications Group, and Coordinator of the 6G Flagship Strategic Research Area 1 – Massive Wireless Automation at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.Konstantin Mikhaylov is an Assistant Professor in the field of Convergent IoT Communications for Vertical Systems at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.Marko Höyhtyä is a Research Professor at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and an Associate Professor at the Finnish National Defence University.

• Contributors xixPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxvAcronyms xxviiAbout the Companion Website xxxvii1 Introduction and Motivation 1Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä1.1 Motivation 11.2 Connectivity Solutions and Satellite Integration 41.3 Outlook 102 Machine-Type Communications, the Internet of Things, and Satellite Networks: Drivers, Use Cases, and Requirements 17Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä2.1 Introduction 172.2 Drivers 182.3 Pertinent Use Cases for Satellite Internet of Things 202.4 Requirements and Key Value and Performance Indicators 242.5 Outlook 313 Non-terrestrial Network Support for Massive Machine-Type Communication: Architectural and Radio Channel Model Considerations 37Carla Amatetti, Alessandro Guidotti, and Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli3.1 Introduction 373.2 Internet of Things --Nonterrestrial Networks in the 3GPP Standard 393.3 Non-terrestrial Network System Architectures for 5G New Radio 403.4 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Characteristics 483.5 Link Budget Characterization 553.6 Outlook 634 Constellation Design for New Space Applications 67Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo and Marko Höyhtyä4.1 Satellite Orbital Formations 674.2 Characteristics of Constellations and Main Parameters 704.3 Constellation Design 764.4 Operation of Satellites in the Orbit 864.5 Outlook 875 Physical-Layer Aspects of Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Integration 91Houcine Chougrani, Oltjon Kodheli, Wallace A. Martins, Haythem Chaker, and Symeon Chatzinotas5.1 Introduction 915.2 Machine-Type Communication Technology Landscape 925.3 Satellite Challenges from a Physical-Layer Perspective 965.4 Techniques for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 1085.5 Roadmap for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 1135.6 Outlook 1146 An Overview of Medium Access Control Protocols in Machine-Type Communication Satellite Internet-of-Things Networks 119Muhammad Asad Ullah, Federico Clazzer, Andrea Munari, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Hirley Alves6.1 Introduction 1196.2 Satellite Internet of Things: An Overview 1216.3 Performance Metrics for Medium Access Control 1296.4 Medium Access Control Protocols Classification 1316.5 Medium Access Control Protocols Overview 1326.6 Open Challenges 1396.7 Outlook 1407 Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Connectivity: A Network Perspective 147Luca Lodigiani and Mihály Varga7.1 Introduction 1477.2 Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks -- 3GPP Release 17 1487.3 Network Characteristics and Challenges of the Nonterrestrial Massive Machine-Type Communication System 1627.4 Internet-of-Things Nonterrestrial Network Evolution -- Releases 18, 19, and Beyond 1767.5 Outlook: A Look Out Toward the 6G Massive Machine-Type Communication Network 1848 6G Satellite Network Architecture with Onboard Computing Capabilities 193Taeyeoun Kim, Jeongho Kwak, and Jihwan P. Choi8.1 Introduction 1938.2 6G Onboard Processing Satellites 1948.3 6G Satellite Networks 2028.4 Outlook 2129 Role of Software-Defined Networking in Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Connectivity 215Ahan Kak, Van-Quan Pham, Huu-Trung Thieu, and Nakjung Choi9.1 Introduction 2159.2 State of the Art 2179.3 Key Enabling Technologies 2199.4 Space Fabric Design and Description 2259.5 Use Cases 2359.6 Research Challenges 2379.7 Outlook 23910 Cybersecurity for Machines in Satellite–Terrestrial Networks 245Jani Suomalainen and Ijaz Ahmad10.1 Introduction 24510.2 Security Challenges 24610.3 Security Solutions 25410.4 Future Research 26010.5 Outlook 26411 Dual-Function Strategies for Heterogeneous 6G Internet-of-Things Systems 273Antti Anttonen11.1 Introduction 27311.2 Communication and Sensing 27411.3 Communication and Power Transfer 27911.4 Communication and Computing 28511.5 Outlook 29312 Simulators, Emulators, and Visualization Tools for Analysis of Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 301Mikko Majanen, Sandrine Boumard, Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo, and Jani Puttonen12.1 Introduction 30112.2 State-of-the-Art Survey 30412.3 Example Simulation Process with SCNE 31712.4 Outlook and Future Work 32313 Applications and Business Prospects of Integrated Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Networks 329Marco Guadalupi, Ramon Ferrús, Josep Ferrer, Gianluca Redolfi, and Stephan Bernard13.1 Introduction 32913.2 Satellite Internet of Things/Machine-Type Communication Market and Business Prospects 33113.3 3GPP Ecosystem and Business Models 34513.4 Toward the Realization of Cost-Efficient Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication Systems 34913.5 Illustrative Assessments 35613.6 Outlook 36414 Regulation and Spectrum Opportunities in Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 369Sandrine Boumard, Miia Mustonen, and Marja Matinmikko-Blue14.1 Regulations of Radio Frequencies and Satellites Orbits 36914.2 Spectrum Management Techniques 37514.3 Frequency Allocations for Machine-Type Communication 38014.4 Challenges and Opportunities 38414.5 Outlook 38715 3GPP Standardization of Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks 393Helka-Liina Määttänen, Gino Masini, Robert S. Karlsson, Emre A. Yavuz, and Talha Khan15.1 Introduction 39315.2 Scenarios 39515.3 Architecture 39615.4 Physical Layer 40315.5 User Plane 40615.6 System Information 40815.7 Mobility 41015.8 Outlook 414Copyright Notice 414Bibliography 415Index 417