Eliphas Ndou is an economist at the South African Reserve Bank, and a lecturer at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. His research interests include international finance and macroeconomics, applied macro and microeconomics, monetary policy, fiscal policy, banking regulation and macro prudential policy.Nombulelo Gumata is an economist at the South African Reserve Bank and a part-time lecturer/tutor at the Centre for Education in Economics and Finance Africa (CEEF Arica), South Africa, supporting students at the University of London in degrees and diplomas in Economics and Finance. Her research areas of interest include monetary economics, macro-economics, international economics and finance, fiscal policy, banking regulation and macro prudential policy.