Industrial Women, 1760–1914

Deborah Simonton is Associate Professor of British History, emerita, University of Southern Denmark, Visiting Professor, University of Turku, and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.

• Volume II: Women in Factory IndustriesList of ImagesAcknowledgementsGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume II: Women in Factory IndustriesPart 1. Overview1. Clara E. Collet, ‘The Collection and Utilisation of Official Statistics Bearing on the Extent and Effects of the Industrial Employment of Women’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 61, 2 (June 1898): 221–30.2. Helen L. Sumner, The Historical Development of Women’s Work in the United States, The Economic position of women, Proceedings of The Academy of Political Science, (Columbia University, New York, 1910), 11-26.3. Alfred (Samuel H. G) Kydd, ‘Early Factories in Britain’, History of the Factory Movement, Vol. I (Burt Franklin, 1857), 16–24.Part 2. Factories and Mines4. Victor Amadeus III, Extract from the register of the Chamber of Accounts granting privileges to a factory of stockings and bonnets, in Chambéry, France, on April 12, 1785.5. Alexander Hamilton, ‘On Manufactures’, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the Subject of Manufactures, 5 December 1791. Printed by order of the House of Representatives, December 7th, 1809 (R.C Weightman, 1809), 124–28, 150–59, 177.6. Robert Owen, ‘On Child Labour at New Lanark’, Parliamentary Papers, 1816, III, Report of the Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee on the State of the Children Employed in the Manufactories of the United Kingdom, 25 April-18 June 1816, Evidence of Robert Owen, 26 April 1816, 20–21.7. Harriet H, Robinson, ‘Lowell Sixty Years Ago’, Loom and Spindle, or Life among the Early Mill Girls, (Thomas Crowell and Company, 1898), 1–18.8. Harriet H. Robinson, ‘Characteristics of the Early Factory Girls’, Loom and Spindle, or Life among the Early Mill Girls, (Thomas Crowell and Company, 1898), 60–81.9. John Avery, Agent, ‘Regulations to be Observed by all persons employed in the factories of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, Lowell Massachusetts’, Handbook for the Visitor to Lowell (D. Bixby and Company, 1848).10. I. M. Boynton, Agent, 75 young women from 15 to 35 years of age, wanted to work in the cotton mills! in Lowell and Chicopee, Mass. (1870).11. John Campbell, [Jesse Campbell, pseud.], ‘Power-Loom Weaving in the West of Scotland’, History of the Rise and Progress of Power-Loom Weaving; Vindication of the Character of Female Power-Loom Workers (Rutherglen, 1878), 14–15. 12. Mrs John Van Vorst (Bessie), ‘In a Pittsburgh Factory’, in Mrs John Van Vorst and Marie Van Vorst, The Woman Who Toils, Being the experiences of Two Ladies as Factory girls, (Doubleday and Page, Co.,1903), 22–28.13. Marie Van Vorst and Mrs John Van Vorst, ‘Cotton Mill in Columbia, South Carolina’, The Woman Who Toils, Being the experiences of Two Ladies as Factory girls, (Doubleday and Page, Co., 1903), 217–22.Part 3. Health and Well-being14. William Rathbone Greg, ‘On the Unhealthiness of The Factory System’, Enquiry into the State of the Manufacturing Population (James Ridgeway, 1831), 12–16, in The Ten hours movement in 1831 and 1832; six pamphlets and one broadside, 1831-183215. Azel Ames, ‘Sex and Health in Industry’, Sex in Industry, A Plea for the Working Girl (Boston: James Osgood and Co, 1875), 33–53, 60–64.16. Azel Ames, ‘Health in Manufacture of Textiles’, Sex in Industry, A Plea for the Working Girl (Boston: James Osgood and Co, 1875), 68–81.17. Agnes Amy Bulley and Margaret Whitley, ‘Influence of Occupation on Health’, Women’s work (Methuen, 1894), 101–103, 119–24, 129–39.Part 4. Hours and Wages18. Jane Dubuisson, ‘Working-Class Women’, L'Echo de la Fabrique, Journal Industriel et Littéraire de Lyon, No 64, (23 Mars, 1834): 2–3.19. James Leach, ‘A Manchester Operative on Wages and Hours’, Stubborn Facts from the factories by a Manchester Operative (John Ollivier, 1844) 7-8, 11–15.20. ‘The Late Employees of Tait’s Factory, Limerick,’ Englishwoman’s Review of Social and Industrial Questions, Vol II, No. 1, 15 January 1876, 34-35.21. Leonora M. Barry, Report of the General Investigator, Proceedings of the General assembly of the Knights of Labor of America, Minneapolis, Minnesota, October 4 to 19, 1887, 1537, 1581-1588.22. Amy Bulley and Margaret Whitley, ‘On Textile Trades’, Women’s Work (Methuen & Co., 1894), 93, 101–108, 112–1823. Sidney Webb, ‘Women’s Wages’, in Problems of Modern Industry by Sidney & Beatrice Webb (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1898), 46-81Part 5. Governmental Responses24. Speech of Lord Ashley, in the House of Commons, on Tuesday, 7th May 1842: on moving for leave to bring in a bill to make regulations respecting the age and sex of children and young persons employed in the mines and collieries of the United Kingdom. (John Murray, 1842), 13–19, 28–31.25. ‘Investigation of Labor Conditions’, Massachusetts House Document, no. 50, March, 1845, Reprinted in John Commons (ed.), A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Vol. VIII (Arthur H. Clark Company, 1910).26. Dr Redgrave’s Report on Factory Operatives, Dundee Courier, 24 September 187527. Operatives in the American South, Report of the Committee of the Senate upon the relations Between Labor and Capital, and Testimony Taken by the Committee (1883). Washington, GPO, 1885. Vol. 4, 524, 530–35, 598–601, 696–701, 721–29, 741.28. Florence Kelley, First Annual Report of the Factory Inspectors of Illinois, for the year Ending December 15, 1893, (Springfield, Ill. 1894), 17–19.29. May Abraham ‘Conditions of Work in the White Lead Industry’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women. Royal Commission on Labour. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February 1893, 151–53.30. Eliza Orme and May Abraham ‘Conditions of Women’s Work in Ireland’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour, presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February 1893, 323–29.31. Clara Collet, ‘Necrosis Among Match Workers’, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour, presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February 1893, 23–26Part 6. Girls’ and Women’s Voices32. Eliza Marshall, Elizabeth Bentley and Hannah Brown Testify to the Sadler Committee, Report from the Committee on the ‘Bill to Regulate The Labour of Children in The Mills and Factories of The United Kingdom’: With the Minutes of Evidence, appendix and index. Ordered, by The House of Commons, to be Printed, 8 August 1832, 148–53, 195–99, 230–31.33. Women and Girls Testify to Working in the Mines, 184233.1 ‘Condition and Treatment of the Children Employed in the Mines and Collieries of the United Kingdom’, Appendix to the First Report of The Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into This Subject. London: William Strange, 21, Paternoster Row, 1842.33.2 Report by Robert Hugh Franks, Esq., On the Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries and Iron Works of the East of Scotland, and the State, Condition, and Treatment of Such Children and Young Persons, Appendix to Report to the Children's Employment Commission 1842. Parliamentary Papers, 1842, vols. XV-XVII, Appendix I, pp. 108, 252, 258, 439, 461; Appendix II, pp. 107, 122, 205.34. ‘Girls Going to the Mills, New England’, Bennett Family Letters, 1839-1846.35. S. G. B., [Sarah G. Bagley] ‘Pleasures of Factory Life’, The Lowell offering: a repository of original articles on various subjects, written by factory operatives, Number 2, December 1840: 25–2636. Harriet Farley, ‘Letters from Susan’, Lowell Offering, Volume IV, 184437. ‘Factory Life as it is,’ Factory Tracts, No. 1, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, Lowell, Mass. 1845.38. Julianna, ‘The Evils of Factory Life’, Factory tracts, No. 1, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, Lowell, Mass. 1845.39. Amelia, ‘Some of the Beauties of Our Factory System––Otherwise, Lowell Slavery’, Lowell Reform Association, Lowell Tracts No. 1, 1845.40. ‘A Week in the Mill’, Lowell, Massachusetts, The Lowell offering, written, edited and published by female operatives employed in the mills, n.s: v.5 (October 1845), 217–18.41. ‘Interview with Miss D., Clinton Ave., The Thomson-Langdon Corset Factory’, Survey, Folklore Project, Life Histories, 1936-39, U.S. Work Projects Administration, Federal Writers’ Project.42. Ellen Johnston, The Factory Girl, Autobiography of Ellen Johnston, 1867, (Rutherglen, 1878), 7–12.43. Jeanne Bouvier, Silk Worker at Eleven, Mes mémoires, ou, 59 années d’activité industrielle, sociale et intellectuelle d’une ouvrière: 1876-1935 (La Découverte/Maspero, 1983), 56–61.44. ‘Women and Girls show more Courage in voicing their Needs’, in Reports of the Principal Lady Inspector of Factories, and some of her Colleagues, illustrating the Present Position of the Woman Worker, 1914, in B.L Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry, 282–84.45. Harriet H. Robinson, ‘Child-Life in the Lowell Cotton-Mills’, Loom and Spindle, or Life among the Early Mill girls (Thomas Crowell and Company, 1898), 25–36, 39.46. Anon, ‘Sketches of Life in a Jute Mill’, Aberdeen People's Journal, (28 May 1881): 3.47. Adelheid Popp, ‘The Perpetual Search for Work’, Autobiography of a Working Woman (Fisher Unwin, 1912), 21-23, 28–29, 31– 36, 39–54, 56–61, 68–69, 71.Part 7. Disaster48. Anon. ‘The Pemberton Disaster, Lawrence, Massachusetts’, An Authentic History of the Lawrence Calamity [including] a chapter of Thrilling highlights (John Dyer and Co., 1860).49. ‘Fearful Accident, Newland Mill, Bradford’, The Freeman’s Journal, Friday, December 29, 1882.50. The New York Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 191150.1 ‘141 Men and Girls Die in Waist Factory Fire; Trapped High Up in Washington Place Building; Street Strewn with Bodies; Piles of Dead Inside’, New York Times, March 26, 1911, 1.50.2 ‘Stories of Survivors. And Witnesses and Rescuers Outside Tell What They Saw’, New York Times, March 26, 1911, p. 4.50.3 ‘175 Workers Lose Their Lives in a Burning Shirt-Waist Factory’, The Jewish Daily Forward, 26 March 1911 (trans. into English by Tina Lunson)50.4 ‘We have Found you Wanting, the ILGWU and the Women’s Trade Union League’, Rose Schneiderman, organizer for the ILGWU and the Women’s Trade Union League, The Survey, April 8, 1911, in Leon Stein, ed., Out of the Sweatshop: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy (Quadrangle/New Times Book Company, 1977), 196-97.50.5 Samuel Gompers, ‘Hostile Employers see Yourselves as Others Know You’, American Federationist, May 1911. pp. 356-61.50.6 ‘Agitation Among the Ladies’ Waistmakers Local 25’, General Executive Board Sanction Agitation, Ladies’ Garment Worker, October 1911, 22.BibliographyIndex