Industrial Scale Inhibition

Ibrahim Yahia Yaagoob, PhD, is a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, and is a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS). He has received national and international awards including the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Prize for an Excellent Academic Performance in Chemistry, awarded by Sudan Institute for Natural Sciences (SIFNS-2006). Chandrabhan Verma, PhD, is working at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He has received several national and international awards for his academic achievements.

• About the Editors xixList of Contributors xxiPreface xxxiAcknowledgments xxxiii1 Scales, Scaling, and Antiscalants: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, and Properties 1Valentine Chikaodili Anadebe, Vitalis Ikenna Chukwuike, and Rakesh Chandra Barik1.1 Introduction 11.2 Scales 21.3 Scaling 51.4 Antiscalant/Chemical Treatment 81.5 Antiscalant Mechanism 91.6 Antiscalant in IndustrialWater-Circulating Systems 91.7 Antiscalants in Oilfield Environments 101.8 Overview of Some Plant-derived and Organic-based Antiscalants 121.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 142 Traditional and Eco-friendly Antiscalants: Advantages and Disadvantages 18Miao-Qing Sheng, Wei-Wei Zhang, Hui-Jing Li, and Yan-Chao Wu2.1 Introduction 182.2 Formation and Hazards of Scale 192.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Impedance Agents 242.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Environmentally Friendly Scale Inhibitors 252.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 323 Electrochemistry Basics and Theory of Scaling in Various Electrolytes: Effect of pH and Other Parameters 36Abhinay Thakur and Ashish Kumar3.1 Introduction to Electrochemistry 363.2 Fundamentals of Electrochemistry 383.3 Scaling Phenomena in Electrolytic Systems 433.4 pH’s Influence on Scaling and Electrochemical Processes 543.5 Temperature and Ionic Strength Effects on Scaling 573.6 Electrode Material and Its Influence on Scaling 593.7 Electrolyte Composition and Current Density: Scaling Implications 603.8 Integrative Understanding of Electrochemical Processes 623.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 634 A Critical Review of Relative Scale Inhibition Performance of Different Alternatives 72Konstantin Popov, Maria Trukhina, Sergey Tkachenko, and Maxim Oshchepkov4.1 Introduction 724.2 Concluding Remarks 914.3 Future Perspectives 925 Environmentally Acceptable Antiscalants and Their Hydrolytic Stability 102Priyabrata Banerjee, Rohan Hasda, and Manilal Murmu5.1 Background of Scales and Antiscalants 1025.2 Hydrolytic Stability of Scales and Antiscalants 1075.3 Recent Developments for Environmentally Acceptable Antiscalants and Their Hydrolytic Stability 1095.4 Conclusion 1235.5 Future Perspective 1236 Assessment of Industrial Scale Inhibition: Experimental and Computational Approaches 132Abhinay Thakur, Ashish Kumar, and Sumayah Bashir6.1 Introduction 1326.2 Brief Overview of Experimental and Computational Approaches 1366.3 Experimental Approaches for Assessing Scale 1386.4 Computational Approaches for Assessing Scale 1446.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental and Computational Approaches 1506.6 Challenges and Future Outlooks 1516.7 Conclusion 1527 Recent Advancements Toward Phosphorus-Free Scale Inhibitors: An Eco-friendly Approach in Industrial Scale Inhibition 158Manilal Murmu, Parikshit Mahato, Sukdeb Mandal, and Priyabrata Banerjee7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Scale Inhibitors and Mechanism of Scale Inhibition 1597.3 Advancements Toward Phosporous-Free Scale Inhibitors 1607.4 Summary 1827.5 Future Perspective 1828 Trends in Using Organic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors: Past, Present, and Future Scenarios 188Azizollah Khormali and Soroush Ahmadi8.1 Introduction 1888.2 Classification of Organic Scale Inhibitors 1898.3 Adsorption Mechanism of Organic Scale Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industry 1968.4 Increasing the Effectiveness of Organic Scale Inhibitors 1978.5 Technologies of Organic Scale Inhibitor Application in the Oil and Gas Industry 1988.6 Future Perspective 1998.7 Conclusion 1999 Organic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors 206Ying Liu, Feiyu Chen, Zhou Wang, Hui-Jing Li, and Yan-Chao Wu9.1 Introduction 2069.2 Organic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors 2089.3 New Green Scale Inhibitors 2169.4 Synergistic Effect Between Functional Groups 2179.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 21710 Plant Extracts as Scale Inhibitors 225Yong-Yin Cui, Pi-Xian Gong, Hui-Jing Li, and Yan-Chao Wu10.1 Introduction 22510.2 Plant Extracts 22610.3 Scale Inhibition Mechanism 22710.4 Plant Extracts to Prevent Carbonate Scale 22810.5 Plant Extracts to Prevent Sulfate Scale 23210.6 Future Prospects and Challenges 23411 Carbohydrates as Scale Inhibitors 239Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Seong-Cheol Kim, Walid Daoudi, Elyor Berdimurodov, Ekemini Daniel Akpan, and Eno Effiong Ebenso11.1 Introduction 23911.2 Carbohydrates as Scale Inhibitors 24011.3 Conclusion 24812 Copolymers and Polymers as Scale Inhibitors 253Yong-Yin Cui, Guang-Sen Xu, Hui-Jing Li, and Yan-Chao Wu12.1 Introduction 25312.2 Copolymer Scale Inhibitor 25412.3 Polymer Scale Inhibitor 25812.4 Future Prospects and Challenges 26013 Polymeric and Copolymeric Scale Inhibitors: Trends and Opportunities 266Valentine Chikaodili Anadebe, Vitalis Ikenna Chukwuike, and Rakesh Chandra Barik13.1 Introduction 26613.2 Copolymers 26713.3 Polymers 26713.4 Scale Formation 26913.5 Scale Inhibitors 26913.6 Copolymers as Scale Inhibitors in IndustrialWater-Circulating Systems 27013.7 Polymers as Scale Inhibitors in IndustrialWater-Circulating Systems 27413.8 Overview of Copolymers and Polymer-Based Scale Inhibitors for Different Scalants 28013.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 28014 Inorganic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors 290Elyor Berdimurodov, Khasan Berdimuradov, Ilyos Eliboev, Bakhtiyor Borikhonov, Abduvali Kholikov, Khamdam Akbarov, and Sidikov Abdujalol14.1 Introduction 29014.2 Main Part 29114.3 Conclusion 29915 Nanomaterials as Scale Inhibitors 304Taiwo Wasiu Quadri, Saheed Eluwale Elugoke, Chandrabhan Verma, and Eno Effiong Ebenso15.1 Introduction 30415.2 Scale Inhibitors 30615.3 Nanotechnology Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry 30915.4 Evaluation of Nanomaterials as Effective and Eco-friendly Scale Inhibitors 31015.5 Summary and Conclusions 31815.6 Future Perspective 31916 Natural Scale Inhibitors 327Jasdeep Kaur and Akhil Saxena16.1 Introduction 32716.2 Types of Scales 32716.3 Scale Inhibitor 32916.4 Advantages of Scale Inhibitors 33216.5 Natural Scale Inhibitor 33216.6 Conclusion 33816.7 Future Perspectives of Natural Scale Inhibitors 33817 Scaling in Concrete – Causes, Prevention, and Repair 341Smrithy Subash and Sruthy Subash17.1 Introduction 34117.2 What Is Scaling? 34217.3 Why Do Concrete Surfaces Scale? 34317.4 Concrete Structures Affected by Scaling 34517.5 Mechanism of Scaling in Concrete 34717.6 How CanWe Prevent Concrete Scaling? 34917.7 Prevention and Repair of Scaled Surfaces 35117.8 Conclusions 35317.9 Future Scope 35418 Plant Extracts as Scale Inhibitors 357Mohamed El Housse, Abdallah Hadfi, Brahim El Ibrahimi, Ilham Karmal, Elyor Berdimurodov, Said Ben-aazza, M'barek Belattar, and Ali Driouiche18.1 Introduction 35718.2 Plant Extracts 35818.3 Plant Extracts as Scaling Inhibitors 35918.4 Conclusion 36519 Scale Inhibitors for Cooling Towers and Industrial Circulating Systems 370Priyabrata Banerjee, Surya Sarkar, Sukdeb Mandal, and Manilal Murmu19.1 Introduction 37019.2 Background of Scale Formation and Inhibition 37219.3 Background of Scale Formation and Inhibition 37319.4 Scale Inhibitors for Cooling Towers and Industrial Circulating Systems 37519.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 39120 Dual-Functional Corrosion and Scale Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Industry 399Imran Ulhaq, Qiwei Wang, Nayef Alanazi, and Rashed Aleisa20.1 Introduction 39920.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibitors 40020.3 Scales and Scale Inhibitors 40920.4 Dual-Purpose Oilfield Chemicals 42420.5 Conclusions 44320.6 Future Prospects of CSI Chemicals 44421 Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Anti-scaling Applications 458Priyanka Sahoo, Richa Singhal, and Pradeep Kumar Sow21.1 Introduction 45821.2 Fundamental Principles and Theories 46021.3 Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Their Synthesis 46321.4 Methods to Analyze Anti-scaling Properties of a Given Surface 46921.5 Mechanism of Scale Nucleation and the Role of Superhydrophobic Surface 47221.6 Summary and Future Predictions 47522 Multifunctional Additives for Synergistic Scale and Corrosion Inhibition in High-Stress Systems 483Michaela Kamaratou, Stefania Liakaki-Stavropoulou, and Konstantinos D. Demadis22.1 Part 1: Corrosion and Its Inhibition 48322.2 Concluding Remarks 49222.3 Part 2: Scale and Its Inhibition 49322.4 Conclusions/Perspectives 523Acknowledgments 524References 524Index 551