HAROLD A. WITTCOFF has taught industrial organic chemistry at the University of Minnesota, while serving as Vice President of Corporate Research for General Mills Inc. As scientific adviser to Nexant ChemSystems, he has presented 300 courses in industrial chemistry in twenty-eight countries.The late BRYAN G. REUBEN was Professor Emeritus of Chemical Technology at London South Bank University, and was the author or coauthor of 130 publications and a single patent.JEFFREY S. PLOTKIN is Vice President, Chemicals and Technology, at Nexant ChemSystems and is the author or coauthor of twenty-five technical publications and thirty patents.

• Preface xxiiiPreface to the First Edition xxvPreface to the Second Edition xxviiAcknowledgments xxixBryan Godel Reuben 1934–2012 xxxiList of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiiiIntroduction: How to Use Industrial Organic Chemicals, Third Edition 1I.1 Why This Book Was Written and How It Is Structured 2I.2 North American Industry Classification System 5I.3 Units and Nomenclature 5I.4 General Bibliography 61. The Evolution of the Organic Chemicals Industry 131.1 The National Economy 131.2 Size of the Chemical Industry 161.3 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry 221.4 The Top Companies 431.5 The Top Chemicals 442. Globalization of the Chemical Industry 492.1 Overcapacity 512.3 Participation in International Trade 632.4 Competition from Developing Countries 663. Transporting Chemicals 713.1 Shipping Petroleum 713.2 Shipping Gas 743.3 Shipping Chemicals 753.4 Health and Safety 863.5 Economic Aspects 873.6 Trade in Specific Chemicals 883.7 Top Shipping Companies 904. Chemicals from Natural Gas and Petroleum 934.1 Petroleum Distillation 974.2 Shale Gas 1004.3 Naphtha Versus Gaseous Feedstocks 1024.4 Heavier Oil Fractions 1034.5 Steam Cracking and Petroleum Refining Reactions 1044.6 Catalytic Cracking 1144.7 Mechanisms of Steam and Catalytic Cracking 1174.8 Catalytic Reforming 1194.9 Oligomerization 1224.10 Alkylation 1244.11 Hydrotreating and Coking 1254.12 Dehydrogenation 1264.13 Isomerization 1284.14 Metathesis 1284.15 Function of the Refinery and the Potential Petroleum Shortage 1334.16 Separation of Natural Gas 1364.17 Oil from Tar Sands 1375. Chemicals and Polymers from Ethylene 1395.1 Ethylene Polymers 1415.2 Ethylene Copolymers 1515.3 Oligomerization 1545.4 Vinyl Chloride 1605.5 Acetaldehyde 1655.6 Vinyl Acetate 1675.7 Ethylene Oxide 1695.8 Styrene 1775.9 Ethanol 1815.10 Major Chemicals from Ethylene – A Summary 1825.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Ethylene 1856. Chemicals and Polymers from Propylene 2116.1 On-Purpose Propylene Production Technologies and Propane Dehydrogenation 2146.2 Main Polymers and Chemicals from Propylene 2176.3 Oligomerization 2216.4 Acrylic Acid 2226.5 Acrylonitrile 2276.6 Cumene/Phenol and Cumene Hydroperoxide 2316.7 Acetone and Isopropanol 2336.8 Propylene Oxide 2426.9 n-Butyraldehyde and Isobutyraldehyde 2556.10 Major Chemicals from Propylene – A Perspective 2616.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Propylene 2637. Chemicals from the C4 Stream 2737.1 Chemicals and Polymers from Butadiene 2777.2 Chemicals and Polymers from Isobutene 2967.3 Chemicals and Polymers from 1- and 2-Butenes 3027.4 Chemicals from n-Butane 3038. Chemicals from the C5 Stream 3098.1 Separation of the C5 Stream 3118.2 Isoprene 3128.3 Cyclopentadiene and Dicyclopentadiene 3198.4 Pentene-1 and Piperylene 3219. Chemicals from Benzene 3239.1 Phenol 3269.2 Cyclohexane 3449.3 Aniline 3549.4 Alkylbenzenes 3619.5 Maleic Anhydride 3629.6 Chlorinated Benzenes 3639.7 Dihydroxybenzenes 3649.8 Anthraquinone 3709.8.1 Hydrogen Peroxide 37110. Chemicals from Toluene 37510.1 Hydrodealkylation, Disproportionation, and Transalkylation 37510.2 Solvents 37810.3 Dinitrotoluene and Toluene Diisocyanate 37810.4 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Toluene 38011. Chemicals from Xylenes 38311.1 o-Xylene and Phthalic Anhydride 38611.2 m-Xylene and Isophthalic Acid 39511.3 p-Xylene and Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate 39712. Chemicals from Methane 40712.1 Hydrocyanic Acid 40812.2 Halogenated Methanes 41112.3 Acetylene 41712.4 Synthesis Gas 42412.5 Chemicals from Synthesis Gas 42912.6 Carbon Monoxide Chemistry 45412.7 Gas-to-Liquid Fuels 45913. Chemicals from Alkanes 46313.1 Functionalization of Methane 46413.2 Functionalization of C2–C4 Alkanes 46813.3 Carbon Black 47214. Chemicals from Coal 47514.1 Chemicals from Coke Oven Distillate 47714.2 The Fischer–Tropsch Reaction 48014.3 Coal Hydrogenation 48414.4 Substitute Natural Gas 48514.5 SNG and Synthesis Gas Technology 48514.6 Underground Coal Gasification 48814.7 Calcium Carbide 48814.8 Coal and the Environment 49015. Fats and Oils 49315.1 Markets for Fats and Oils 49515.2 Purification of Fats and Oils 49715.3 Fatty Acids 49915.4 Fatty Nitrogen Compounds 50215.5 "Dimer" Acid 50415.6 Aminoamides and Imidazolines 50615.7 Azelaic, Pelargonic, and Petroselinic Acids 50715.8 Fatty Alcohols 50815.9 Epoxidized Oils 50915.10 Ricinoleic Acid 51015.11 Glycerol 51215.12 Alcoholysis of Fats and Oils 51315.13 Alkyl Polyglycosides 51915.14 Non-Caloric Fat-like Substances 51916. Carbohydrates 52316.1 Sugars and Sorbitol 52316.2 Furfural 53016.3 Starch 53216.4 Cellulose 53516.5 Gums 54316.6 Fermentation and Biotechnology 54417. How Polymers Are Made 56117.1 Polymerization 56517.2 Functionality 56817.3 Step Growth and Chain Growth Polymerizations 57117.4 Examples of Step Polymerization 60517.5 Polymer Properties 62217.6 Classes of Polymers 63017.7 Plastics Fabrication Techniques 63118. Industrial Catalysis 63718.1 Catalyst Choice 63718.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis 64318.3 Catalyst Markets 64718.4 Catalysis by Acids and Bases 65118.5 Dual Function Catalysis 65418.6 Catalysis by Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators 65518.7 Coordination Catalysis 65718.8 Enzymes 66118.9 Shape-Selective Catalysts 66418.10 Phase-Transfer and Fluorous Biphase Catalysis 66918.11 Nanocatalysis 67018.12 Catalysts of the Future 67319. Green Chemistry 68119.1 The Decline of Acetylene Chemistry 68319.2 Nylon 68319.3 Replacement of Phosgene 68419.4 Monomethylation by Dimethyl Carbonate 68519.5 Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Water 68519.6 Ionic Liquids 68719.7 Photocatalysts 69019.8 Paired Electrosynthesis 69119.9 "Green" Pharmaceuticals 69219.10 Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Diethanolamine 69819.11 Genetic Manipulation 69819.12 Biodegradable Packaging 69819.13 The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Program 70320. Sustainability 70720.1 Climate Change 70820.2 Resource Depletion 71220.3 Energy Sources 71720.4 Pollution 73620.5 Valediction 759Endnotes 761Appendix A: A Note on Cost Calculations 765Appendix B: Units and Conversion Factors 771Appendix C: Special Units in the Chemical Industry 773Appendix D: The Importance of Shale Gas and Shale Oil 775Index 779

“The book presents its information with concepts of sustainability and climate change in mind, covering green chemistry and renewables, including research into processes (such as electricity generation) that produce less or no carbon dioxide.”  (Chemical Engineering Progress,  1 January 2013)“Every organic chemist who contemplates a career in the field should read the book. Even future and active pharmaceutical researchers will need the chemical insight from this book to understand the nature of their starting materials. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.”  (Choice, 1 October 2013)

HAROLD A. WITTCOFF has taught industrial organic chemistry at the University of Minnesota, while serving as Vice President of Corporate Research for General Mills Inc. As scientific adviser to Nexant ChemSystems, he has presented 300 courses in industrial chemistry in twenty-eight countries.The late BRYAN G. REUBEN was Professor Emeritus of Chemical Technology at London South Bank University, and was the author or coauthor of 130 publications and a single patent.JEFFREY S. PLOTKIN is Vice President, Chemicals and Technology, at Nexant ChemSystems and is the author or coauthor of twenty-five technical publications and thirty patents.

• Preface xxiiiPreface to the First Edition xxvPreface to the Second Edition xxviiAcknowledgments xxixBryan Godel Reuben 1934–2012 xxxiList of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiiiIntroduction: How to Use Industrial Organic Chemicals, Third Edition 1I.1 Why This Book Was Written and How It Is Structured 2I.2 North American Industry Classification System 5I.3 Units and Nomenclature 5I.4 General Bibliography 61. The Evolution of the Organic Chemicals Industry 131.1 The National Economy 131.2 Size of the Chemical Industry 161.3 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry 221.4 The Top Companies 431.5 The Top Chemicals 442. Globalization of the Chemical Industry 492.1 Overcapacity 512.3 Participation in International Trade 632.4 Competition from Developing Countries 663. Transporting Chemicals 713.1 Shipping Petroleum 713.2 Shipping Gas 743.3 Shipping Chemicals 753.4 Health and Safety 863.5 Economic Aspects 873.6 Trade in Specific Chemicals 883.7 Top Shipping Companies 904. Chemicals from Natural Gas and Petroleum 934.1 Petroleum Distillation 974.2 Shale Gas 1004.3 Naphtha Versus Gaseous Feedstocks 1024.4 Heavier Oil Fractions 1034.5 Steam Cracking and Petroleum Refining Reactions 1044.6 Catalytic Cracking 1144.7 Mechanisms of Steam and Catalytic Cracking 1174.8 Catalytic Reforming 1194.9 Oligomerization 1224.10 Alkylation 1244.11 Hydrotreating and Coking 1254.12 Dehydrogenation 1264.13 Isomerization 1284.14 Metathesis 1284.15 Function of the Refinery and the Potential Petroleum Shortage 1334.16 Separation of Natural Gas 1364.17 Oil from Tar Sands 1375. Chemicals and Polymers from Ethylene 1395.1 Ethylene Polymers 1415.2 Ethylene Copolymers 1515.3 Oligomerization 1545.4 Vinyl Chloride 1605.5 Acetaldehyde 1655.6 Vinyl Acetate 1675.7 Ethylene Oxide 1695.8 Styrene 1775.9 Ethanol 1815.10 Major Chemicals from Ethylene – A Summary 1825.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Ethylene 1856. Chemicals and Polymers from Propylene 2116.1 On-Purpose Propylene Production Technologies and Propane Dehydrogenation 2146.2 Main Polymers and Chemicals from Propylene 2176.3 Oligomerization 2216.4 Acrylic Acid 2226.5 Acrylonitrile 2276.6 Cumene/Phenol and Cumene Hydroperoxide 2316.7 Acetone and Isopropanol 2336.8 Propylene Oxide 2426.9 n-Butyraldehyde and Isobutyraldehyde 2556.10 Major Chemicals from Propylene – A Perspective 2616.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Propylene 2637. Chemicals from the C4 Stream 2737.1 Chemicals and Polymers from Butadiene 2777.2 Chemicals and Polymers from Isobutene 2967.3 Chemicals and Polymers from 1- and 2-Butenes 3027.4 Chemicals from n-Butane 3038. Chemicals from the C5 Stream 3098.1 Separation of the C5 Stream 3118.2 Isoprene 3128.3 Cyclopentadiene and Dicyclopentadiene 3198.4 Pentene-1 and Piperylene 3219. Chemicals from Benzene 3239.1 Phenol 3269.2 Cyclohexane 3449.3 Aniline 3549.4 Alkylbenzenes 3619.5 Maleic Anhydride 3629.6 Chlorinated Benzenes 3639.7 Dihydroxybenzenes 3649.8 Anthraquinone 3709.8.1 Hydrogen Peroxide 37110. Chemicals from Toluene 37510.1 Hydrodealkylation, Disproportionation, and Transalkylation 37510.2 Solvents 37810.3 Dinitrotoluene and Toluene Diisocyanate 37810.4 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Toluene 38011. Chemicals from Xylenes 38311.1 o-Xylene and Phthalic Anhydride 38611.2 m-Xylene and Isophthalic Acid 39511.3 p-Xylene and Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate 39712. Chemicals from Methane 40712.1 Hydrocyanic Acid 40812.2 Halogenated Methanes 41112.3 Acetylene 41712.4 Synthesis Gas 42412.5 Chemicals from Synthesis Gas 42912.6 Carbon Monoxide Chemistry 45412.7 Gas-to-Liquid Fuels 45913. Chemicals from Alkanes 46313.1 Functionalization of Methane 46413.2 Functionalization of C2–C4 Alkanes 46813.3 Carbon Black 47214. Chemicals from Coal 47514.1 Chemicals from Coke Oven Distillate 47714.2 The Fischer–Tropsch Reaction 48014.3 Coal Hydrogenation 48414.4 Substitute Natural Gas 48514.5 SNG and Synthesis Gas Technology 48514.6 Underground Coal Gasification 48814.7 Calcium Carbide 48814.8 Coal and the Environment 49015. Fats and Oils 49315.1 Markets for Fats and Oils 49515.2 Purification of Fats and Oils 49715.3 Fatty Acids 49915.4 Fatty Nitrogen Compounds 50215.5 "Dimer" Acid 50415.6 Aminoamides and Imidazolines 50615.7 Azelaic, Pelargonic, and Petroselinic Acids 50715.8 Fatty Alcohols 50815.9 Epoxidized Oils 50915.10 Ricinoleic Acid 51015.11 Glycerol 51215.12 Alcoholysis of Fats and Oils 51315.13 Alkyl Polyglycosides 51915.14 Non-Caloric Fat-like Substances 51916. Carbohydrates 52316.1 Sugars and Sorbitol 52316.2 Furfural 53016.3 Starch 53216.4 Cellulose 53516.5 Gums 54316.6 Fermentation and Biotechnology 54417. How Polymers Are Made 56117.1 Polymerization 56517.2 Functionality 56817.3 Step Growth and Chain Growth Polymerizations 57117.4 Examples of Step Polymerization 60517.5 Polymer Properties 62217.6 Classes of Polymers 63017.7 Plastics Fabrication Techniques 63118. Industrial Catalysis 63718.1 Catalyst Choice 63718.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis 64318.3 Catalyst Markets 64718.4 Catalysis by Acids and Bases 65118.5 Dual Function Catalysis 65418.6 Catalysis by Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators 65518.7 Coordination Catalysis 65718.8 Enzymes 66118.9 Shape-Selective Catalysts 66418.10 Phase-Transfer and Fluorous Biphase Catalysis 66918.11 Nanocatalysis 67018.12 Catalysts of the Future 67319. Green Chemistry 68119.1 The Decline of Acetylene Chemistry 68319.2 Nylon 68319.3 Replacement of Phosgene 68419.4 Monomethylation by Dimethyl Carbonate 68519.5 Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Water 68519.6 Ionic Liquids 68719.7 Photocatalysts 69019.8 Paired Electrosynthesis 69119.9 "Green" Pharmaceuticals 69219.10 Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Diethanolamine 69819.11 Genetic Manipulation 69819.12 Biodegradable Packaging 69819.13 The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Program 70320. Sustainability 70720.1 Climate Change 70820.2 Resource Depletion 71220.3 Energy Sources 71720.4 Pollution 73620.5 Valediction 759Endnotes 761Appendix A: A Note on Cost Calculations 765Appendix B: Units and Conversion Factors 771Appendix C: Special Units in the Chemical Industry 773Appendix D: The Importance of Shale Gas and Shale Oil 775Index 779

“The book presents its information with concepts of sustainability and climate change in mind, covering green chemistry and renewables, including research into processes (such as electricity generation) that produce less or no carbon dioxide.”  (Chemical Engineering Progress,  1 January 2013)“Every organic chemist who contemplates a career in the field should read the book. Even future and active pharmaceutical researchers will need the chemical insight from this book to understand the nature of their starting materials. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.”  (Choice, 1 October 2013)

HAROLD A. WITTCOFF has taught industrial organic chemistry at the University of Minnesota, while serving as Vice President of Corporate Research for General Mills Inc. As scientific adviser to Nexant ChemSystems, he has presented 300 courses in industrial chemistry in twenty-eight countries.The late BRYAN G. REUBEN was Professor Emeritus of Chemical Technology at London South Bank University, and was the author or coauthor of 130 publications and a single patent.JEFFREY S. PLOTKIN is Vice President, Chemicals and Technology, at Nexant ChemSystems and is the author or coauthor of twenty-five technical publications and thirty patents.

• Preface xxiiiPreface to the First Edition xxvPreface to the Second Edition xxviiAcknowledgments xxixBryan Godel Reuben 1934–2012 xxxiList of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiiiIntroduction: How to Use Industrial Organic Chemicals, Third Edition 1I.1 Why This Book Was Written and How It Is Structured 2I.2 North American Industry Classification System 5I.3 Units and Nomenclature 5I.4 General Bibliography 61. The Evolution of the Organic Chemicals Industry 131.1 The National Economy 131.2 Size of the Chemical Industry 161.3 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry 221.4 The Top Companies 431.5 The Top Chemicals 442. Globalization of the Chemical Industry 492.1 Overcapacity 512.3 Participation in International Trade 632.4 Competition from Developing Countries 663. Transporting Chemicals 713.1 Shipping Petroleum 713.2 Shipping Gas 743.3 Shipping Chemicals 753.4 Health and Safety 863.5 Economic Aspects 873.6 Trade in Specific Chemicals 883.7 Top Shipping Companies 904. Chemicals from Natural Gas and Petroleum 934.1 Petroleum Distillation 974.2 Shale Gas 1004.3 Naphtha Versus Gaseous Feedstocks 1024.4 Heavier Oil Fractions 1034.5 Steam Cracking and Petroleum Refining Reactions 1044.6 Catalytic Cracking 1144.7 Mechanisms of Steam and Catalytic Cracking 1174.8 Catalytic Reforming 1194.9 Oligomerization 1224.10 Alkylation 1244.11 Hydrotreating and Coking 1254.12 Dehydrogenation 1264.13 Isomerization 1284.14 Metathesis 1284.15 Function of the Refinery and the Potential Petroleum Shortage 1334.16 Separation of Natural Gas 1364.17 Oil from Tar Sands 1375. Chemicals and Polymers from Ethylene 1395.1 Ethylene Polymers 1415.2 Ethylene Copolymers 1515.3 Oligomerization 1545.4 Vinyl Chloride 1605.5 Acetaldehyde 1655.6 Vinyl Acetate 1675.7 Ethylene Oxide 1695.8 Styrene 1775.9 Ethanol 1815.10 Major Chemicals from Ethylene – A Summary 1825.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Ethylene 1856. Chemicals and Polymers from Propylene 2116.1 On-Purpose Propylene Production Technologies and Propane Dehydrogenation 2146.2 Main Polymers and Chemicals from Propylene 2176.3 Oligomerization 2216.4 Acrylic Acid 2226.5 Acrylonitrile 2276.6 Cumene/Phenol and Cumene Hydroperoxide 2316.7 Acetone and Isopropanol 2336.8 Propylene Oxide 2426.9 n-Butyraldehyde and Isobutyraldehyde 2556.10 Major Chemicals from Propylene – A Perspective 2616.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Propylene 2637. Chemicals from the C4 Stream 2737.1 Chemicals and Polymers from Butadiene 2777.2 Chemicals and Polymers from Isobutene 2967.3 Chemicals and Polymers from 1- and 2-Butenes 3027.4 Chemicals from n-Butane 3038. Chemicals from the C5 Stream 3098.1 Separation of the C5 Stream 3118.2 Isoprene 3128.3 Cyclopentadiene and Dicyclopentadiene 3198.4 Pentene-1 and Piperylene 3219. Chemicals from Benzene 3239.1 Phenol 3269.2 Cyclohexane 3449.3 Aniline 3549.4 Alkylbenzenes 3619.5 Maleic Anhydride 3629.6 Chlorinated Benzenes 3639.7 Dihydroxybenzenes 3649.8 Anthraquinone 3709.8.1 Hydrogen Peroxide 37110. Chemicals from Toluene 37510.1 Hydrodealkylation, Disproportionation, and Transalkylation 37510.2 Solvents 37810.3 Dinitrotoluene and Toluene Diisocyanate 37810.4 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Toluene 38011. Chemicals from Xylenes 38311.1 o-Xylene and Phthalic Anhydride 38611.2 m-Xylene and Isophthalic Acid 39511.3 p-Xylene and Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate 39712. Chemicals from Methane 40712.1 Hydrocyanic Acid 40812.2 Halogenated Methanes 41112.3 Acetylene 41712.4 Synthesis Gas 42412.5 Chemicals from Synthesis Gas 42912.6 Carbon Monoxide Chemistry 45412.7 Gas-to-Liquid Fuels 45913. Chemicals from Alkanes 46313.1 Functionalization of Methane 46413.2 Functionalization of C2–C4 Alkanes 46813.3 Carbon Black 47214. Chemicals from Coal 47514.1 Chemicals from Coke Oven Distillate 47714.2 The Fischer–Tropsch Reaction 48014.3 Coal Hydrogenation 48414.4 Substitute Natural Gas 48514.5 SNG and Synthesis Gas Technology 48514.6 Underground Coal Gasification 48814.7 Calcium Carbide 48814.8 Coal and the Environment 49015. Fats and Oils 49315.1 Markets for Fats and Oils 49515.2 Purification of Fats and Oils 49715.3 Fatty Acids 49915.4 Fatty Nitrogen Compounds 50215.5 "Dimer" Acid 50415.6 Aminoamides and Imidazolines 50615.7 Azelaic, Pelargonic, and Petroselinic Acids 50715.8 Fatty Alcohols 50815.9 Epoxidized Oils 50915.10 Ricinoleic Acid 51015.11 Glycerol 51215.12 Alcoholysis of Fats and Oils 51315.13 Alkyl Polyglycosides 51915.14 Non-Caloric Fat-like Substances 51916. Carbohydrates 52316.1 Sugars and Sorbitol 52316.2 Furfural 53016.3 Starch 53216.4 Cellulose 53516.5 Gums 54316.6 Fermentation and Biotechnology 54417. How Polymers Are Made 56117.1 Polymerization 56517.2 Functionality 56817.3 Step Growth and Chain Growth Polymerizations 57117.4 Examples of Step Polymerization 60517.5 Polymer Properties 62217.6 Classes of Polymers 63017.7 Plastics Fabrication Techniques 63118. Industrial Catalysis 63718.1 Catalyst Choice 63718.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis 64318.3 Catalyst Markets 64718.4 Catalysis by Acids and Bases 65118.5 Dual Function Catalysis 65418.6 Catalysis by Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators 65518.7 Coordination Catalysis 65718.8 Enzymes 66118.9 Shape-Selective Catalysts 66418.10 Phase-Transfer and Fluorous Biphase Catalysis 66918.11 Nanocatalysis 67018.12 Catalysts of the Future 67319. Green Chemistry 68119.1 The Decline of Acetylene Chemistry 68319.2 Nylon 68319.3 Replacement of Phosgene 68419.4 Monomethylation by Dimethyl Carbonate 68519.5 Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Water 68519.6 Ionic Liquids 68719.7 Photocatalysts 69019.8 Paired Electrosynthesis 69119.9 "Green" Pharmaceuticals 69219.10 Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Diethanolamine 69819.11 Genetic Manipulation 69819.12 Biodegradable Packaging 69819.13 The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Program 70320. Sustainability 70720.1 Climate Change 70820.2 Resource Depletion 71220.3 Energy Sources 71720.4 Pollution 73620.5 Valediction 759Endnotes 761Appendix A: A Note on Cost Calculations 765Appendix B: Units and Conversion Factors 771Appendix C: Special Units in the Chemical Industry 773Appendix D: The Importance of Shale Gas and Shale Oil 775Index 779

“The book presents its information with concepts of sustainability and climate change in mind, covering green chemistry and renewables, including research into processes (such as electricity generation) that produce less or no carbon dioxide.”  (Chemical Engineering Progress,  1 January 2013)“Every organic chemist who contemplates a career in the field should read the book. Even future and active pharmaceutical researchers will need the chemical insight from this book to understand the nature of their starting materials. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.”  (Choice, 1 October 2013)