Industrial Biorenewables

Pablo Domínguez de María holds BSc degree in Pharmacy and Chemistry and a PhD in Biocatalysis (2002). He worked in industries for 6.5 years (2003–2009, 2 years at Evonik AG, Germany, and 4.5 years at AkzoNobel BV, the Netherlands) being involved in projects regarding sustainable chemistry, organocatalysis, neoteric solvents, and white biotechnology. In 2009, he joined RWTH Aachen University as Group Leader. In 2015, he successfully defended his Habilitation (Thesis: Bio-based catalysis for petroleum-free biorefineries and fine chemicals). Since 2014 he is the Founder and CEO of Sustainable Momentum, SL., a consultancy firm providing technical support, advisory, project supervision, and competitive intelligence reporting on Sustainable Chemistry.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface ix1 AkzoNobel: Biobased Raw Materials 1Alistair Reid,Martijn van Loon, Sara Tollin, and Peter Nieuwenhuizen1.1 AkzoNobel’s Biobased Raw Materials Strategy in Context 11.2 AkzoNobel in the Value Chain 31.3 Drivers Behind Development of the Biobased Raw Material Strategy 41.4 Conclusions of the Biobased Chemicals Strategy 101.5 Implementing the Strategy: Striking Partnerships 131.6 Experience to Date 141.7 Measuring, Reporting, and Ensuring Sustainable Sourcing of Biomass 171.8 Book and Claim 181.9 Sustainability in the Value Chain: LCA 192 Arizona Chemical: Refining and Upgrading of Bio-Based and Renewable Feedstocks 21Godfried J. H. Buisman and Jos H. M. Lange2.1 Company Introduction 222.2 History of Pine Chemicals 222.3 Modern Biorefining 282.4 The Kraft Pulping Process 342.5 Cradle-To-Gate 442.6 Outlook 462.7 Case Study: Tackifiers From Renewable Pine-Based Crude Tall Oil and Crude Sulfate Turpentine for Adhesive Applications 49Acknowledgments 57References 573 Arkema: Castor Reactive Seed Crushing Process to Promote Castor Cultivation 63Jean-Luc Dubois3.1 Arkema: Context for Biorenewables 643.2 Introduction to Castor Oil 653.3 Experimental Details 723.4 Results 773.5 Discussion 853.6 Conclusion 92Acknowledgments 93References 944 Avantium Chemicals: The High Potential for the levulinic product tree 97Jan C. van der Waal and Ed de Jong4.1 Introduction 974.2 Levulinic Production Routes 1014.3 The Levulinic Acid Product Family Tree 1074.4 Conclusions and Outlook 116References 1175 C5LT: Biorenewables at C5 Ligno Technologies AB 121Kaisa Karhumaa and Violeta Sànchez i Nogué5.1 Introduction 1215.2 Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production: Process 1235.3 C5LT Gene Package Technology 1295.4 Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates: Remaining Challenges 1365.5 Conclusions 137Acknowledgments 138References 1386 Cepsa: Towards The Integration of Vegetable Oils and Lignocellulosic Biomass into Conventional Petroleum Refinery Processing Units 141Maria Fé Elía, Olalla de la Torre, Rafael Larraz, and Juana Frontela6.1 About Cepsa 1426.2 Vegetable Oils 1496.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass 1676.4 Concluding Remarks 172References 1737 DuPont: Biorenewables at E.I. DU Pont DE Nemours & Co 175Michael A. Saltzberg, Armando M. Byrne, Ethel N. Jackson, Edward S. Miller Jr., Mark J. Nelson, Bjorn D. Tyreus, and Quinn Zhu7.1 DuPont History and Strategic Priorities 1767.2 DuPont’s Innovation Philosophy 1787.3 DuPont’s Industrial Biorenewable Portfolio 2013 1807.4 Case History #1: Bio-PDO and Sorona 1827.5 Case History #2: Development of Yeast-based Omega-3s for Verlasso Harmoniously Raised Salmon 1947.6 Future Directions for Dupont in Industrial Biorenewables 2107.7 Summary 213References 2138 Evonik: Bioeconomy and Biobased Products 219Henrike Gebhardt, Peter Nagler, Stefan Buchholz, Stefan Cornelissen, Edda Schulze, and Achim Marx8.1 Introduction 2208.2 Biobased and Bioprocessed Products (1) 2258.3 Products Produced from Biobased Feedstock by Conventional Catalysis (2) 2348.4 Biodegradable Products (3) 2398.5 Enabling Chemicals (4) 239References 2419 Market Structure and Growth Rates of Industrial Biorenewables 245Gunter Festel9.1 Background for Industrial Biorenewables and Data Sources 2459.2 Market Overview and Growth Rates 2479.3 Examples for Biotechnology-Based Products Related to Biorenewables 252References 25410 Göteborg Energi: Vehicle Fuel From Organic Waste 255Eric Zinn and Henrik Thunman10.1 The Company 25610.2 Sweden’s Renewable Energy Targets and the Role that Biogas Will Play in Meeting these 25610.3 Biogas in Transportation: Case Studies Within Göteborg Energi 25710.4 The Role of Gasification Technology in the Future as the Demand for Biomass-based Energy and Fuel Grows 26411 Greasoline: Biofuels From Non-food Materials and Residues 267Georg Dahmen, Peter Haug, Gunter Festel, Axel Kraft, Volker Heil, Andreas Menne, and Christoph Unger11.1 Fuels and Chemicals: Necessity of Renewables 26811.2 Evolving Markets for Greasoline® Technology 26911.3 Technology Overview Greasoline® 27011.4 Description of Business Model 27111.5 Diesel from Different Raw Materials 274References 28012 Green Applied Solutions: Customized Waste Valorization Solutions for a Sustainable Future 283Chunping Xu and Rafael Luque12.1 Introduction 28312.2 The Company 28512.3 Projects and Future 28712.4 Conclusions and Prospects 292Acknowledgments 293References 29313 Grove Advanced Chemicals: Flox® Coagulants – Environmentally Friendly Water and Wastewater Treatment Using Biodegradable Polymers From Renewable Forests 295Bárbara van Asch, Paulo Martins, Filipe Santos, Elisabete Sepúlveda, Pedro Carvalho, Richard Solal, Carlos Abreu, Rui Santos, Jorge Vasconcelos, Philippe Geyr, and Henrique Villas-Boas13.1 Introduction 29613.2 Company Overview 29713.3 Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 29813.4 Flox® Coagulants 29813.5 Company and Product Certifications 30213.6 Case Studies 30313.7 Future Perspectives 320References 32114 Heliae Development, LLC: An Industrial Approach to Mixotrophy in Microalgae 323Eneko Ganuza, Anna Lee Tonkovich, and Bárbara van Asch14.1 Preamble 32314.2 Introduction to Heliae Development LLC 32414.3 Mixotrophy 32514.4 Implementation of Industrial Mixotrophy: A Case Study 332Acknowledgments 339References 33915 InFiQuS: Making the Best of Leftovers 341Inmaculada Aranaz, Niuris Acosta, María N Mengíbar, Laura Calderón, Ruth Harris, and Ángeles Heras15.1 Brief Description of InFiQuS 34215.2 Valuable by-products Under Research by InFiQuS 34515.3 Examples of Products Co-developed by InFiQuS 36015.4 Market Situation 36215.5 Needs of Research: Synergies Between Industry and Academia 364References 36616 Biorenewables at Mango Materials 371Allison Pieja, Anne Schauer-Gimenez, Ann Oakenfull, and Molly Morse16.1 Motivation: the Problems with Plastics Today 37216.2 The Bioplastics Industry: An Overview 37316.3 Mango Materials – a Novel PHA Production Process 37716.4 Mango Materials, the Story 38616.5 The Future – new Ideas for Potential Research 390Acknowledgments 391References 39117 Novamont: Perspectives on Industrial Biorenewables and Public-Private Needs 397Stefano Facco17.1 State of the Art and Challenges Faced by Biobased Industries 39717.2 Wisdom in the Use of Renewable Raw Materials: The Cascading Use of Biomass 40017.3 Case Study: Bioplastics in Italy: Going For Growth Despite the Crisis 40117.4 The EU Policy Framework and Related Policy Gaps: The EU Strategy on Bioeconomy and the Role of Industrial Policies 405References 40718 Novozymes: How Novozymes Thinks About Biomass 409Brandon Emme and Alex Berlin18.1 The Company 41118.2 Case Study: The Transformation of Cellulose to Ethanol 412References 43419 Organoclick: Applied Eco-Friendly and Metal-Free Catalysis for Wood and Fiber Modifications 437Jonas Hafrén and Armando Córdova19.1 Introduction 43719.2 Eco-friendly and Organocatalytic Surface Modification of Lignocellulose 44019.3 Organocatalytic Cross-linking Between Polysaccharides 44319.4 OC Modification of Lignocellulose 444References 44920 Petrobras: The Concept of Integrated Biorefineries Applied to the Oleochemistry Industry: Rational Utilization of Products and Residues via Catalytic Routes 451Eduardo Falabella Sousa-Aguiar, João Monnerat Araujo Ribeiro de Almeida, Pedro Nothaft Romano, and Yuri Carvalho20.1 Introduction 45220.2 Glycerol Fermentation 45420.3 Hydrotreating 45820.4 Decarboxylation 46020.5 Conclusions 464References 46421 Phytonix: Cyanobacteria for Biobased Production Using CO2 467Bruce Dannenberg, Peter Lindblad, and Gary Anderson21.1 Background: The Coming CO2 Economy and Circular Economy Principles 46821.2 Technology for Cyanobacteria and Direct Photobiological Production 46821.3 Phytonix: Path Toward Full Commercialization of the Technology 47521.4 n-Butanol: A Valuable Industrial Chemical and Potential "Drop-in" Gasoline Replacement 482References 48922 Phytowelt Green Technologies: Fermentation Processes and Plant Breeding as Modules for Enhanced Biorefinery Systems 491Peter Welters, Guido Jach, Katrin Schullehner, Nadia Evremova, and Renate Luehrs22.1 Introduction 49222.2 The Next Step: Beyond Energy Production 49222.3 Material Uses of Renewable Poplar Biomass 49422.4 Fermentative Production of High-value Compounds 49522.5 Cooperations with Chemical Industry 49922.6 Toward Optimized Biorenewables: Time-Lapse and Smart Breeding 50222.7 Next-Generation Poplars/Plants 50522.8 Toward Novel Biorefineries: Networking for Success 505References 50623 Biorenewables at Shell: Biofuels 507Jean-Paul Lange, Johan Willem Gosselink, Rob Lee, Evert van der Heide, Colin John Schaverien, and Joseph B. Powell23.1 Introduction 50923.2 Shell and Biofuels 51023.3 Development of Advanced Biofuels in Shell 51123.4 Challenges Leading to More Research 53523.5 Conclusions 538References 539Index 545