Indo-European Language and Culture

Benjamin W. Fortson IV is Associate Professor of Greek and Latin Language, Literature, and Historical Linguistics in the Department of Classical Studies at the University of Michigan.

• List of Illustrations xiPreface xiiPreface to the Second Edition xviAcknowledgments xviiGuide to the Reader xix1 Introduction: The Comparative Method and the Indo-European Family 1The Study of Language Relationships and the Comparative Method (§§1.1–12) 1Indo-European Historical Linguistics (§§1.13–19) 8Conclusion (§§1.20–22) 14For Further Reading 15For Review 16Exercises 162 Proto-Indo-European Culture and Archaeology 18Introduction (§§2.1–2) 18Society (§§2.3–16) 19Religion, Ritual, and Myth (§§2.17–36) 25Poetics (§§2.37–45) 32Personal Names (§§2.46–49) 38Archaeology and the PIE Homeland Question (§§2.50–73) 39For Further Reading 49For Review 50Exercises 503 Proto-Indo-European Phonology 53Introduction (§3.1) 53Consonants (§§3.2–25) 53Vowels (§§3.26–32) 66Phonological Rules (§§3.33–44) 69For Further Reading 72For Review 73Exercises 734 Proto-Indo-European Morphology: Introduction 75The Root and Indo-European Morphophonemics (§4.1) 75The Root (§§4.2–11) 76Ablaut (§§4.12–19) 79Morphological Categories of PIE (§§4.20–24) 83For Further Reading 85For Review 85Exercises 855 The Verb 88The Structure of the PIE Verb (§§5.1–10) 88Personal Endings (§§5.11–18) 91The Present Stem (§§5.19–44) 95The Aorist Stem (§§5.45–50) 101The Perfect Stem (§§5.51–53) 103Moods (§§5.54–57) 105Non-finite Verbal Formations and Other Topics (§§5.58–63) 107For Further Reading 110For Review 110Exercises 1106 The Noun 113Introduction (§§6.1–3) 113Athematic Nouns (§§6.4–42) 114Thematic Nouns (§§6.43–67) 126The Collective and the Feminine (§§6.68–71) 131Adjectives (§§6.72–81) 134Nominal Composition and Other Topics (§§6.82–87) 136For Further Reading 137For Review 138Exercises 1387 Pronouns and Other Parts of Speech 140Pronouns: Introduction (§7.1) 140Personal Pronouns (§§7.2–8) 140Other Pronouns and the Pronominal Declension (§§7.9–14) 143Numerals (§§7.15–22) 145Adverbs (§§7.23–25) 147Prepositions and Postpositions (§7.26) 148Conjunctions and Interjections (§§7.27–30) 149For Further Reading 150Exercises 1518 Proto-Indo-European Syntax 152Introduction (§§8.1–5) 152Syntax of the Phrase (§§8.6–11) 154Syntax of the Clause (§§8.12–30) 156Phrase and Sentence Prosody and the Interaction of Syntax and Phonology (§§8.31–36) 165For Further Reading 168For Review 168Exercises 1699 Anatolian 170Introduction (§§9.1–4) 170From PIE to Common Anatolian (§§9.5–14) 172Hittite (§§9.15–44) 174Luvian (§§9.45–58) 185Palaic (§§9.59–61) 192Lycian (§§9.62–70) 193Lydian (§§9.71–75) 195Carian, Pisidian, and Sidetic (§9.76) 198For Further Reading 198For Review 199Exercises 199PIE Vocabulary I: Man, Woman, Kinship 20010 Indo-Iranian I: Indic 202Introduction to Indo-Iranian (§§10.1–4) 202From PIE to Indo-Iranian (§§10.5–19) 203Indic (Indo-Aryan) (§§10.20–22) 206Sanskrit (§§10.23–51) 207Middle Indic (§§10.52–57) 219Modern (New) Indo-Aryan (§§10.58–63) 221For Further Reading 223For Review 224Exercises 224PIE Vocabulary II: Animals 22611 Indo-Iranian II: Iranian 227Introduction (§§11.1–8) 227Avestan (§§11.9–27) 228Old Persian (§§11.28–36) 236Middle and Modern Iranian (§§11.37–53) 241For Further Reading 245For Review 245Exercises 246PIE Vocabulary III: Food and Agriculture 24712 Greek 248Introduction (§§12.1–8) 248From PIE to Greek (§§12.9–53) 252Greek after the Classical Period (§§12.54–57) 263The Philology of Homer and Its Pitfalls (§§12.58–67) 264For Further Reading 270For Review 271Exercises 271PIE Vocabulary IV: The Body 27313 Italic 274Introduction (§§13.1–5) 274From PIE to Italic (§§13.6–23) 277Latino-Faliscan (§13.24) 281Latin (§§13.25–53) 282Faliscan (§§13.54–55) 294Sabellic (Osco-Umbrian) (§§13.56–66) 296Umbrian (§§13.67–74) 298South Picene (§§13.75–76) 300Oscan (§§13.77–80) 302Other Sabellic Languages (§13.81) 303For Further Reading 304For Review 304Exercises 305PIE Vocabulary V: Body Functions and States 30714 Celtic 309Introduction (§§14.1–3) 309From PIE to Celtic (§§14.4–11) 310Continental Celtic (§§14.12–19) 312Insular Celtic (§§14.20–27) 316Goidelic: Old Irish and Its Descendants (§§14.28–50) 319Scottish Gaelic and Manx (§§14.51–52) 327Brittonic (§§14.53–56) 328Welsh (§§14.57–61) 329Breton (§§14.62–68) 331Cornish (§§14.69–72) 334For Further Reading 335For Review 335Exercises 335PIE Vocabulary VI: Natural Environment 33715 Germanic 338Introduction (§§15.1–4) 338From PIE to Germanic (§§15.5–35) 339Runic (§§15.36–39) 348East Germanic (§15.40) 350Gothic (§§15.41–48) 353West Germanic (§§15.49–51) 356Old English (§§15.52–64) 357Middle and Modern English (§§15.65–69) 362Old High German (§§15.70–81) 365Old Saxon (§§15.82–85) 370Dutch and Frisian (§§15.86–88) 371North Germanic: Old Norse and Scandinavian (§§15.89–108) 372For Further Reading 378For Review 379Exercises 379PIE Vocabulary VII: Position and Motion 38116 Armenian 382Introduction (§§16.1–10) 382From PIE to Classical Armenian (§§16.11–41) 385Middle and Modern Armenian (§§16.42–47) 393For Further Reading 397For Review 397Exercises 397PIE Vocabulary VIII: Material Culture and Technology 39917 Tocharian 400Introduction (§§17.1–6) 400From PIE to Tocharian (§§17.7–33) 402For Further Reading 412For Review 412Exercises 412PIE Vocabulary IX: Form and Size 41318 Balto-Slavic 414Introduction (§18.1) 414From PIE to Balto-Slavic (§§18.2–18) 415Slavic (§§18.19–39) 419Old Church Slavonic (§§18.40–42) 426Modern Slavic Languages (§§18.43–55) 428Baltic (§§18.56–67) 432Lithuanian (§§18.68–74) 435Latvian (§§18.75–76) 439Old Prussian (§§18.77–79) 440For Further Reading 442For Review 443Exercises 443PIE Vocabulary X: Time 44519 Albanian 446Introduction (§§19.1–5) 446From PIE to Albanian (§§19.6–29) 448For Further Reading 456Exercises 457PIE Vocabulary XI: Utterance 45820 Fragmentary Languages 459Introduction (§§20.1–2) 459Phrygian (§§20.3–9) 460Thracian (§§20.10–11) 463Macedonian (§20.12) 464Illyrian (§§20.13–15) 464Venetic (§§20.16–20) 465Messapic (§§20.21–22) 467Sicel and Elymian (§20.23) 469Lusitanian (§20.24) 469For Further Reading 469Exercises 470PIE Vocabulary XII: Basic Physical Acts 471Glossary 472Bibliography 477Subject Index 490Word Index 510

Praise for the Previous Edition: "Superb … [Fortson's] short general discussions of the histories and ecologies of the individual languages are the best I have ever read." (Recensiones - Salesianum, 2008)"I would like to conclude by stressing that this is an excellent textbook. I have taught from it, and the students in my class not only learned a great deal from it, they also seemed to enjoy the book almost as much as I did." (Bryn Mawr Classical Review)"Finally, there is a reliable, engaging and accessible presentation of the communis opinio. And there are even exercises! … Fortson has produced an excellent book that fulfills its goals admirably. I hope it will inspire a renaissance of Indo-European linguistics in English speaking countries." (Journal of the American Oriental Society)