M.P. Singh, M.A. (Patna), Ph.D. (Alberta), is a former Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science at the University of Delhi and a former Editor of the Indian Journal of Public Administration (IIPA/SAGE Publications) and presently a National Fellow of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, working on a two-year research project on Indian Federalism in a Comparative Perspective with Special Reference to Judicial Federalism. He is also co-editor of the IIAS’s biannual journal Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. He was the country coordinator for India for the Global Dialogue on Federal Systems commissioned by the Forum of Federations, Ottawa, leading to a book Intergovernmental Relations in Federal Systems: Comparative Structures Dynamics edited by Johanne Poirier, Cheryl Saunders, and John Kincaid already published by the Oxford University Press, New York, 2016. Professor Singh is a leading Indian scholar in the fields of party systems and governmental institutions with special reference to federalism and judicial behaviour in India. His latest publications include chapters on Indian Federalism and the Supreme Court of India in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford University Press, New York, 2017, 2018.Rekha Saxena has been a full Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of Delhi, for more than 12 years. She is the honorary Vice-Chairperson of the Centre for Multilevel Federalism in New Delhi that is a member of The International Association of Centers for Federal Studies (IACFS). She is also the Honorary Senior Advisor to the Forum of Federations, Canada. She was awarded a doctoral fellowship by Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute where she was affiliated with Queen’s University Canada (1999–2000). She was also the recipient of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute’s Faculty Research (2003), and Faculty Enrichment (2011) Awards to visit Canada, where she was affiliated with the Department of Political Studies and IIGR at Queens University, the University of Toronto, and McGill University. Rekha Saxena has published over a dozen books. Her recent publications include New Dimensions in Federal Discourse in India, Routledge (2021, edited), The Value of Comparative Federalism, Routledge (2021, coedited), Varieties of Federal Governance: Major Contemporary Models, Foundation: Cambridge University Press, India (2010), The 2019 Parliamentary Elections in India (2022), Indian Judiciary: The changing Landscape (2014), and The Indian Judiciary: The Changing Landscape (2007, co-edited).

• List of tables viPreface viiAcknowledgements viii1 The party system in India 12 The Indian National Congress in the 1980s 283 The Indian National Congress in the 1990s 594 The Indian National Congress since 2000 79Conclusion 92Bibliography 101Index 107

M.P. Singh, M.A. (Patna), Ph.D. (Alberta), is a former Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science at the University of Delhi and a former Editor of the Indian Journal of Public Administration (IIPA/SAGE Publications) and presently a National Fellow of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, working on a two-year research project on Indian Federalism in a Comparative Perspective with Special Reference to Judicial Federalism. He is also co-editor of the IIAS’s biannual journal Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. He was the country coordinator for India for the Global Dialogue on Federal Systems commissioned by the Forum of Federations, Ottawa, leading to a book Intergovernmental Relations in Federal Systems: Comparative Structures Dynamics edited by Johanne Poirier, Cheryl Saunders, and John Kincaid already published by the Oxford University Press, New York, 2016. Professor Singh is a leading Indian scholar in the fields of party systems and governmental institutions with special reference to federalism and judicial behaviour in India. His latest publications include chapters on Indian Federalism and the Supreme Court of India in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford University Press, New York, 2017, 2018.Rekha Saxena has been a full Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of Delhi, for more than 12 years. She is the honorary Vice-Chairperson of the Centre for Multilevel Federalism in New Delhi that is a member of The International Association of Centers for Federal Studies (IACFS). She is also the Honorary Senior Advisor to the Forum of Federations, Canada. She was awarded a doctoral fellowship by Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute where she was affiliated with Queen’s University Canada (1999–2000). She was also the recipient of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute’s Faculty Research (2003), and Faculty Enrichment (2011) Awards to visit Canada, where she was affiliated with the Department of Political Studies and IIGR at Queens University, the University of Toronto, and McGill University. Rekha Saxena has published over a dozen books. Her recent publications include New Dimensions in Federal Discourse in India, Routledge (2021, edited), The Value of Comparative Federalism, Routledge (2021, coedited), Varieties of Federal Governance: Major Contemporary Models, Foundation: Cambridge University Press, India (2010), The 2019 Parliamentary Elections in India (2022), Indian Judiciary: The changing Landscape (2014), and The Indian Judiciary: The Changing Landscape (2007, co-edited).

• List of tables viPreface viiAcknowledgements viii1 The party system in India 12 The Indian National Congress in the 1980s 283 The Indian National Congress in the 1990s 594 The Indian National Congress since 2000 79Conclusion 92Bibliography 101Index 107

M.P. Singh, M.A. (Patna), Ph.D. (Alberta), is a former Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science at the University of Delhi and a former Editor of the Indian Journal of Public Administration (IIPA/SAGE Publications) and presently a National Fellow of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, working on a two-year research project on Indian Federalism in a Comparative Perspective with Special Reference to Judicial Federalism. He is also co-editor of the IIAS’s biannual journal Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. He was the country coordinator for India for the Global Dialogue on Federal Systems commissioned by the Forum of Federations, Ottawa, leading to a book Intergovernmental Relations in Federal Systems: Comparative Structures Dynamics edited by Johanne Poirier, Cheryl Saunders, and John Kincaid already published by the Oxford University Press, New York, 2016. Professor Singh is a leading Indian scholar in the fields of party systems and governmental institutions with special reference to federalism and judicial behaviour in India. His latest publications include chapters on Indian Federalism and the Supreme Court of India in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford University Press, New York, 2017, 2018.Rekha Saxena has been a full Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of Delhi, for more than 12 years. She is the honorary Vice-Chairperson of the Centre for Multilevel Federalism in New Delhi that is a member of The International Association of Centers for Federal Studies (IACFS). She is also the Honorary Senior Advisor to the Forum of Federations, Canada. She was awarded a doctoral fellowship by Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute where she was affiliated with Queen’s University Canada (1999–2000). She was also the recipient of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute’s Faculty Research (2003), and Faculty Enrichment (2011) Awards to visit Canada, where she was affiliated with the Department of Political Studies and IIGR at Queens University, the University of Toronto, and McGill University. Rekha Saxena has published over a dozen books. Her recent publications include New Dimensions in Federal Discourse in India, Routledge (2021, edited), The Value of Comparative Federalism, Routledge (2021, coedited), Varieties of Federal Governance: Major Contemporary Models, Foundation: Cambridge University Press, India (2010), The 2019 Parliamentary Elections in India (2022), Indian Judiciary: The changing Landscape (2014), and The Indian Judiciary: The Changing Landscape (2007, co-edited).

• List of tables viPreface viiAcknowledgements viii1 The party system in India 12 The Indian National Congress in the 1980s 283 The Indian National Congress in the 1990s 594 The Indian National Congress since 2000 79Conclusion 92Bibliography 101Index 107