Jose Antonio Puppim de Oliveira is Associate Professor at the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration, Getulio Vargas Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

• List of TablesList of FiguresList of AbbreviationsAcknowledgments1. Introduction1.1 The Case Study1.2 Arguments in Brief 2. The Implementation of Environmental Policies in Developing Countries2.1 The Dual Mandate of Governments2.2 Organizing the State: Centralization versus Decentralization2.3 Implementing Public Policies2.4 Implementing Environmental Policy in Developing Countries 3. Obstacles to Policy Implementation in the Creation of Protected Areas3.1 A Short History of the Evolution of the Concept of Protected Areas3.2 Categories of Protected Areas3.3 Costs and Benefits of Protected Areas3.4 The Framework for Explaining Failed Efforts to Establish Protected Areas3.4.1 Lack of Political Support3.4.2 Lack of Funding for Protected Areas3.4.3 Lack of Institutional Capacity3.4.4 Lack of Cooperation and Coordination at the Local Level3.5 Tourism as a Force for Establishing Protected Areas3.6 Protected Areas in Brazil3.6.1 Evolution of Environmental Institutions in the Brazilian State3.6.2 Evolution of Protected Areas in Brazil4 Overcoming the Obstacles for Policy Implementation: The Case of the Establishment of Protected Areas in Bahia4.1 Introduction4.2 The Background of Bahia and Tourism Development4.2.1 State Tourism Development Program4.3 Understanding Environmental Policy and APAs in Brazil and Bahia4.4 Evolution of Environmental Management in Bahia and the Outcome: The Creation of APAs 4.5 Establishment of Protected Areas in Bahia: Obtaining Political, Institutional, and Financial Support4.5.1 Getting Political Support at the State Level from Pro-Development Actors4.5.2 Funding APAs by Involving Nonenvironmental Agencies4.5.3 Competition among Governmental Agencies can Improve Institutional Capacity4.5.4 Getting Local Support: APAs as Potential Investment Magnets4.6 The "Bahian Model": Horizontal Decentralization with Checks and Balances 5. Lessons for Policy Studies5.1 Learning from the Research: A New Framework of Analysis5.1.1 Learning from the Case: How to Overcome the Four Obstacles5.2 Lessons for the Classical Policy Implementation Literature5.3 Integrating Economic Development and Environmental Protection in the Public Sector5.4 Horizontal Decentralization for Policy Implementation: Incentives with Checks and Balances5.4.1 Decentralization without Much Coordination But with Checks and Balances5.4.2 The Forgotten Type of Decentralization: HorizontalDecentralization5.5 The Role of Local Actors and Central Governments in Decentralized Policy Implementation5.6 Learning the Tough Reality of the Development Process5.7 A New Role for Environmental Agencies?NotesBibliographyIndex

"In the clarity and precision of its arguments, this is an exemplary text." — Environmental Conservation"Puppim de Oliveira brings the best of the Bahia environment and culture together with brilliancy in his scientific analysis of the value of nature." — Durval Olivieri, former Director of the Bahia State Environmental Agency"This book makes an important contribution to the public policy literature, especially the emerging theory of environmental policy implementation. It will help international agencies and multilateral corporations make smarter investments." — Lawrence E. Susskind, coauthor of Better Environmental Policy Studies: How to Design and Conduct More Effective Analysis

Jose Antonio Puppim de Oliveira is Associate Professor at the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration, Getulio Vargas Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

• List of TablesList of FiguresList of AbbreviationsAcknowledgments1. Introduction1.1 The Case Study1.2 Arguments in Brief 2. The Implementation of Environmental Policies in Developing Countries2.1 The Dual Mandate of Governments2.2 Organizing the State: Centralization versus Decentralization2.3 Implementing Public Policies2.4 Implementing Environmental Policy in Developing Countries 3. Obstacles to Policy Implementation in the Creation of Protected Areas3.1 A Short History of the Evolution of the Concept of Protected Areas3.2 Categories of Protected Areas3.3 Costs and Benefits of Protected Areas3.4 The Framework for Explaining Failed Efforts to Establish Protected Areas3.4.1 Lack of Political Support3.4.2 Lack of Funding for Protected Areas3.4.3 Lack of Institutional Capacity3.4.4 Lack of Cooperation and Coordination at the Local Level3.5 Tourism as a Force for Establishing Protected Areas3.6 Protected Areas in Brazil3.6.1 Evolution of Environmental Institutions in the Brazilian State3.6.2 Evolution of Protected Areas in Brazil4 Overcoming the Obstacles for Policy Implementation: The Case of the Establishment of Protected Areas in Bahia4.1 Introduction4.2 The Background of Bahia and Tourism Development4.2.1 State Tourism Development Program4.3 Understanding Environmental Policy and APAs in Brazil and Bahia4.4 Evolution of Environmental Management in Bahia and the Outcome: The Creation of APAs 4.5 Establishment of Protected Areas in Bahia: Obtaining Political, Institutional, and Financial Support4.5.1 Getting Political Support at the State Level from Pro-Development Actors4.5.2 Funding APAs by Involving Nonenvironmental Agencies4.5.3 Competition among Governmental Agencies can Improve Institutional Capacity4.5.4 Getting Local Support: APAs as Potential Investment Magnets4.6 The "Bahian Model": Horizontal Decentralization with Checks and Balances 5. Lessons for Policy Studies5.1 Learning from the Research: A New Framework of Analysis5.1.1 Learning from the Case: How to Overcome the Four Obstacles5.2 Lessons for the Classical Policy Implementation Literature5.3 Integrating Economic Development and Environmental Protection in the Public Sector5.4 Horizontal Decentralization for Policy Implementation: Incentives with Checks and Balances5.4.1 Decentralization without Much Coordination But with Checks and Balances5.4.2 The Forgotten Type of Decentralization: HorizontalDecentralization5.5 The Role of Local Actors and Central Governments in Decentralized Policy Implementation5.6 Learning the Tough Reality of the Development Process5.7 A New Role for Environmental Agencies?NotesBibliographyIndex

"In the clarity and precision of its arguments, this is an exemplary text." — Environmental Conservation"Puppim de Oliveira brings the best of the Bahia environment and culture together with brilliancy in his scientific analysis of the value of nature." — Durval Olivieri, former Director of the Bahia State Environmental Agency"This book makes an important contribution to the public policy literature, especially the emerging theory of environmental policy implementation. It will help international agencies and multilateral corporations make smarter investments." — Lawrence E. Susskind, coauthor of Better Environmental Policy Studies: How to Design and Conduct More Effective Analysis

Jose Antonio Puppim de Oliveira is Associate Professor at the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration, Getulio Vargas Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

• List of TablesList of FiguresList of AbbreviationsAcknowledgments1. Introduction1.1 The Case Study1.2 Arguments in Brief 2. The Implementation of Environmental Policies in Developing Countries2.1 The Dual Mandate of Governments2.2 Organizing the State: Centralization versus Decentralization2.3 Implementing Public Policies2.4 Implementing Environmental Policy in Developing Countries 3. Obstacles to Policy Implementation in the Creation of Protected Areas3.1 A Short History of the Evolution of the Concept of Protected Areas3.2 Categories of Protected Areas3.3 Costs and Benefits of Protected Areas3.4 The Framework for Explaining Failed Efforts to Establish Protected Areas3.4.1 Lack of Political Support3.4.2 Lack of Funding for Protected Areas3.4.3 Lack of Institutional Capacity3.4.4 Lack of Cooperation and Coordination at the Local Level3.5 Tourism as a Force for Establishing Protected Areas3.6 Protected Areas in Brazil3.6.1 Evolution of Environmental Institutions in the Brazilian State3.6.2 Evolution of Protected Areas in Brazil4 Overcoming the Obstacles for Policy Implementation: The Case of the Establishment of Protected Areas in Bahia4.1 Introduction4.2 The Background of Bahia and Tourism Development4.2.1 State Tourism Development Program4.3 Understanding Environmental Policy and APAs in Brazil and Bahia4.4 Evolution of Environmental Management in Bahia and the Outcome: The Creation of APAs 4.5 Establishment of Protected Areas in Bahia: Obtaining Political, Institutional, and Financial Support4.5.1 Getting Political Support at the State Level from Pro-Development Actors4.5.2 Funding APAs by Involving Nonenvironmental Agencies4.5.3 Competition among Governmental Agencies can Improve Institutional Capacity4.5.4 Getting Local Support: APAs as Potential Investment Magnets4.6 The "Bahian Model": Horizontal Decentralization with Checks and Balances 5. Lessons for Policy Studies5.1 Learning from the Research: A New Framework of Analysis5.1.1 Learning from the Case: How to Overcome the Four Obstacles5.2 Lessons for the Classical Policy Implementation Literature5.3 Integrating Economic Development and Environmental Protection in the Public Sector5.4 Horizontal Decentralization for Policy Implementation: Incentives with Checks and Balances5.4.1 Decentralization without Much Coordination But with Checks and Balances5.4.2 The Forgotten Type of Decentralization: HorizontalDecentralization5.5 The Role of Local Actors and Central Governments in Decentralized Policy Implementation5.6 Learning the Tough Reality of the Development Process5.7 A New Role for Environmental Agencies?NotesBibliographyIndex

"In the clarity and precision of its arguments, this is an exemplary text." — Environmental Conservation"Puppim de Oliveira brings the best of the Bahia environment and culture together with brilliancy in his scientific analysis of the value of nature." — Durval Olivieri, former Director of the Bahia State Environmental Agency"This book makes an important contribution to the public policy literature, especially the emerging theory of environmental policy implementation. It will help international agencies and multilateral corporations make smarter investments." — Lawrence E. Susskind, coauthor of Better Environmental Policy Studies: How to Design and Conduct More Effective Analysis