Kyle Eichas is Professor of Psychology at Tarleton State University in Waco, Texas, USA. His scholarly interests include outreach research and the development of community-supported interventions to promote positive human development.James E. Côté is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. He is the founding editor of Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, associate editor of The Journal of Adolescence, and the author or co-author of ten other books.Charles G. Levine was Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. Among other publications, he co-authored several articles and a book with Lawrence Kohlberg, Moral Stages: A Current Formulation and a Response to Critics.

• Preface to the New Edition xiv PART I Philosophical and Conceptual Roots of the Identity Question 1 1 From Ageless Questions to Current Theories 3 2 Culture and History: How Current Experiences Differ From the Past 26 3 A Social Psychology of Identities and Their Formation 51 PART II Late Modernity: Contextual Adaptations to Individualization Processes 75 4 Moral Reasoning: A Relational Basis of Individualized Identities 77 5 Proactivity: Agency in Identity Formation 102 6 Identity Capital: Strategic Adaptions to Late-Modern Societies 125 PART III The Transition to Adulthood: Developmental Contextualism Applied to Late Modernity 149 7 Current Scientific Approaches to Self-Development and Identity Formation 151 8 Identity Formation and the Youth Mental Health Crisis 178 9 Contexts of Identity Formation in Late-Modern Societies 215 10 Identity Formation and the Potentials of Human Development 249 Conclusion: Improving Outcomes for All 267 Glossary of SIFT Terminology 273 Index 277

For the new edition:“This book’s spirit is open, curious, and practical. What is the self? How are the self and identity different from each other? How can one achieve a purpose driven and ethical life? Why does living in a late modern society make a serious tussle with one’s identity commonplace? By thoughtfully answering these kinds of historically nagging and/or nuanced questions about the self and identity, the authors in the process, leave traditional boundaries, arguments, and dichotomous thinking far behind and encourage the reader to do the same. The authors offer an original vision of what identity can be and how it can be supported. And, by sharing what is known about a diverse range of science-based, actionable solutions to the problems of identity development, this book is a vital resource for caring adults who support this and future generations. This book delivers—in its ideas and in practice. In this book, the authors challenge us to work towards an inclusive vision and authentic inter-generational concern for the development and welfare of humanity as the only ‘in-group’ of any real importance, which is a sorely needed message that we should take to heart and be inspired by.”Laura Ferrer-Wreder, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden“Identity Formation, Youth, and Development: A Simplified Approach provides a clear and thoughtful look at how identity develops, blending research, theory, and practical applications in a way that is both engaging and accessible. This updated edition does an excellent job of connecting identity formation to real-world challenges, particularly the growing mental health struggles faced by today’s youth. The authors skillfully integrate insights from psychology, sociology, and developmental science, offering a well-rounded perspective that makes this book useful for researchers, educators, and practitioners alike. Its emphasis on identity-based interventions and their practical applications makes it a timely and valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding and supporting youth development.”Mojtaba Habibi Asgarabad, PhD, Researcher in Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway“This book serves a strong new edition to the identity literature, providing a comprehensive review of identity across various traditions and contextualized particularly within the Western cultural context. In addition, the authors provide compelling arguments for the need to focus on identity-related problems as particular manifestations of recent socio-cultural changes and, most critically as part of this new edition, provides a framework for integrating models of identity into intervention and prevention efforts. In turn, Identity Formation, Youth, and Development is a fundamental textbook for any researcher conducting work on identity development and any instructor seeking to provide an in-depth course on the subject.”Alan Meca, PhD, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio“This book represents a significant contribution to the identity development research literature, situating identity formation within the broader context of applied developmental science. For educators and practitioners working directly with youth, this book serves as an indispensable guide, providing evidence-based strategies and insights into how identity formation can be fostered in educational and therapeutic settings. Clinicians will find the book invaluable in understanding the methodologies and measures used to study identity development, ensuring that interventions are grounded in robust research. By highlighting how applied developmental science uniquely contributes to the evolution of identity interventions, this book underscores the transformative impact such interventions can have—not only on the lives of youth but also on the broader fabric of society, inspiring hope for a more resilient and empowered generation.”Arlen J. Garcia, PhD, LMHC-QS, Professor of Psychology and Student Life Skills, Miami Dade College, USA"The new edition supremely bridges theory and urgently needed real-world applications, exposing how societal structures fuel youth disconnection. The ‘identity-purpose lens’ has transformed my work in social rehabilitation—offering tools to address the voids in meaning behind today’s mental health crisis. Essential reading."Dr. Eerik Soares Mantere, A-Clinic Foundation, Finland.For the first edition:“Côté and Levine adeptly manage to place the field of identity theory and research into a psychosocial historical context that gives the reader new insights into the developmental task of identity formation, in a manner that is accessible to all.”Steven L. Berman, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Psychology Department, University of Central Florida and President, Society for Research on Identity Formation, USA“Professors Côté and Levine provide a masterfully erudite, creative, and singularly important integration of the multidisciplinary roots of the concept of identity, and offer a new and significant frame for future research through their Simplified Identity Formation Theory (SIFT). This is an invaluable book that is destined to become required reading for all scholars and students seeking to understand, and to advance knowledge about, identity development among youth.”Richard M. Lerner, Ph.D., Bergstrom Chair in Applied Developmental Science and Director, Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, Tufts University, USA“Côté and Levine are at their best when they describe identity issues in the college years and in the transition to career from college. An audience of undergraduates, worried about what will come of themselves, feeling both uncertain and guilty at failing to do as well as they should have, will much appreciate the parts of the book that let them know that they are not alone.”Daphna Oyserman, Ph.D., Dean’s Professor of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA“This book integrates multiple perspectives on identity development with the sociological and psychological study of youth, and frames identity within the constraints of social and historical contexts. The emphasis on the interplay of agency and structure is extremely valuable, especially within a cross-cultural lens. Côté and Levine provide a roadmap for studying identity within the complex modern world.”Seth J. Schwartz, Ph.D., Professor of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami and President-Elect, Society for the Study of Emerging Adulthood, USA

Kyle Eichas is Professor of Psychology at Tarleton State University in Waco, Texas, USA. His scholarly interests include outreach research and the development of community-supported interventions to promote positive human development.James E. Côté is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. He is the founding editor of Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, associate editor of The Journal of Adolescence, and the author or co-author of ten other books.Charles G. Levine was Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. Among other publications, he co-authored several articles and a book with Lawrence Kohlberg, Moral Stages: A Current Formulation and a Response to Critics.

• Preface to the New Edition xiv PART I Philosophical and Conceptual Roots of the Identity Question 1 1 From Ageless Questions to Current Theories 3 2 Culture and History: How Current Experiences Differ From the Past 26 3 A Social Psychology of Identities and Their Formation 51 PART II Late Modernity: Contextual Adaptations to Individualization Processes 75 4 Moral Reasoning: A Relational Basis of Individualized Identities 77 5 Proactivity: Agency in Identity Formation 102 6 Identity Capital: Strategic Adaptions to Late-Modern Societies 125 PART III The Transition to Adulthood: Developmental Contextualism Applied to Late Modernity 149 7 Current Scientific Approaches to Self-Development and Identity Formation 151 8 Identity Formation and the Youth Mental Health Crisis 178 9 Contexts of Identity Formation in Late-Modern Societies 215 10 Identity Formation and the Potentials of Human Development 249 Conclusion: Improving Outcomes for All 267 Glossary of SIFT Terminology 273 Index 277

For the new edition:“This book’s spirit is open, curious, and practical. What is the self? How are the self and identity different from each other? How can one achieve a purpose driven and ethical life? Why does living in a late modern society make a serious tussle with one’s identity commonplace? By thoughtfully answering these kinds of historically nagging and/or nuanced questions about the self and identity, the authors in the process, leave traditional boundaries, arguments, and dichotomous thinking far behind and encourage the reader to do the same. The authors offer an original vision of what identity can be and how it can be supported. And, by sharing what is known about a diverse range of science-based, actionable solutions to the problems of identity development, this book is a vital resource for caring adults who support this and future generations. This book delivers—in its ideas and in practice. In this book, the authors challenge us to work towards an inclusive vision and authentic inter-generational concern for the development and welfare of humanity as the only ‘in-group’ of any real importance, which is a sorely needed message that we should take to heart and be inspired by.”Laura Ferrer-Wreder, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden“Identity Formation, Youth, and Development: A Simplified Approach provides a clear and thoughtful look at how identity develops, blending research, theory, and practical applications in a way that is both engaging and accessible. This updated edition does an excellent job of connecting identity formation to real-world challenges, particularly the growing mental health struggles faced by today’s youth. The authors skillfully integrate insights from psychology, sociology, and developmental science, offering a well-rounded perspective that makes this book useful for researchers, educators, and practitioners alike. Its emphasis on identity-based interventions and their practical applications makes it a timely and valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding and supporting youth development.”Mojtaba Habibi Asgarabad, PhD, Researcher in Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway“This book serves a strong new edition to the identity literature, providing a comprehensive review of identity across various traditions and contextualized particularly within the Western cultural context. In addition, the authors provide compelling arguments for the need to focus on identity-related problems as particular manifestations of recent socio-cultural changes and, most critically as part of this new edition, provides a framework for integrating models of identity into intervention and prevention efforts. In turn, Identity Formation, Youth, and Development is a fundamental textbook for any researcher conducting work on identity development and any instructor seeking to provide an in-depth course on the subject.”Alan Meca, PhD, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio“This book represents a significant contribution to the identity development research literature, situating identity formation within the broader context of applied developmental science. For educators and practitioners working directly with youth, this book serves as an indispensable guide, providing evidence-based strategies and insights into how identity formation can be fostered in educational and therapeutic settings. Clinicians will find the book invaluable in understanding the methodologies and measures used to study identity development, ensuring that interventions are grounded in robust research. By highlighting how applied developmental science uniquely contributes to the evolution of identity interventions, this book underscores the transformative impact such interventions can have—not only on the lives of youth but also on the broader fabric of society, inspiring hope for a more resilient and empowered generation.”Arlen J. Garcia, PhD, LMHC-QS, Professor of Psychology and Student Life Skills, Miami Dade College, USA"The new edition supremely bridges theory and urgently needed real-world applications, exposing how societal structures fuel youth disconnection. The ‘identity-purpose lens’ has transformed my work in social rehabilitation—offering tools to address the voids in meaning behind today’s mental health crisis. Essential reading."Dr. Eerik Soares Mantere, A-Clinic Foundation, Finland.For the first edition:“Côté and Levine adeptly manage to place the field of identity theory and research into a psychosocial historical context that gives the reader new insights into the developmental task of identity formation, in a manner that is accessible to all.”Steven L. Berman, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Psychology Department, University of Central Florida and President, Society for Research on Identity Formation, USA“Professors Côté and Levine provide a masterfully erudite, creative, and singularly important integration of the multidisciplinary roots of the concept of identity, and offer a new and significant frame for future research through their Simplified Identity Formation Theory (SIFT). This is an invaluable book that is destined to become required reading for all scholars and students seeking to understand, and to advance knowledge about, identity development among youth.”Richard M. Lerner, Ph.D., Bergstrom Chair in Applied Developmental Science and Director, Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, Tufts University, USA“Côté and Levine are at their best when they describe identity issues in the college years and in the transition to career from college. An audience of undergraduates, worried about what will come of themselves, feeling both uncertain and guilty at failing to do as well as they should have, will much appreciate the parts of the book that let them know that they are not alone.”Daphna Oyserman, Ph.D., Dean’s Professor of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA“This book integrates multiple perspectives on identity development with the sociological and psychological study of youth, and frames identity within the constraints of social and historical contexts. The emphasis on the interplay of agency and structure is extremely valuable, especially within a cross-cultural lens. Côté and Levine provide a roadmap for studying identity within the complex modern world.”Seth J. Schwartz, Ph.D., Professor of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami and President-Elect, Society for the Study of Emerging Adulthood, USA

Kyle Eichas is Professor of Psychology at Tarleton State University in Waco, Texas, USA. His scholarly interests include outreach research and the development of community-supported interventions to promote positive human development.James E. Côté is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. He is the founding editor of Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, associate editor of The Journal of Adolescence, and the author or co-author of ten other books.Charles G. Levine was Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. Among other publications, he co-authored several articles and a book with Lawrence Kohlberg, Moral Stages: A Current Formulation and a Response to Critics.

• Preface to the New Edition xiv PART I Philosophical and Conceptual Roots of the Identity Question 1 1 From Ageless Questions to Current Theories 3 2 Culture and History: How Current Experiences Differ From the Past 26 3 A Social Psychology of Identities and Their Formation 51 PART II Late Modernity: Contextual Adaptations to Individualization Processes 75 4 Moral Reasoning: A Relational Basis of Individualized Identities 77 5 Proactivity: Agency in Identity Formation 102 6 Identity Capital: Strategic Adaptions to Late-Modern Societies 125 PART III The Transition to Adulthood: Developmental Contextualism Applied to Late Modernity 149 7 Current Scientific Approaches to Self-Development and Identity Formation 151 8 Identity Formation and the Youth Mental Health Crisis 178 9 Contexts of Identity Formation in Late-Modern Societies 215 10 Identity Formation and the Potentials of Human Development 249 Conclusion: Improving Outcomes for All 267 Glossary of SIFT Terminology 273 Index 277

For the new edition:“This book’s spirit is open, curious, and practical. What is the self? How are the self and identity different from each other? How can one achieve a purpose driven and ethical life? Why does living in a late modern society make a serious tussle with one’s identity commonplace? By thoughtfully answering these kinds of historically nagging and/or nuanced questions about the self and identity, the authors in the process, leave traditional boundaries, arguments, and dichotomous thinking far behind and encourage the reader to do the same. The authors offer an original vision of what identity can be and how it can be supported. And, by sharing what is known about a diverse range of science-based, actionable solutions to the problems of identity development, this book is a vital resource for caring adults who support this and future generations. This book delivers—in its ideas and in practice. In this book, the authors challenge us to work towards an inclusive vision and authentic inter-generational concern for the development and welfare of humanity as the only ‘in-group’ of any real importance, which is a sorely needed message that we should take to heart and be inspired by.”Laura Ferrer-Wreder, PhD, Professor of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden“Identity Formation, Youth, and Development: A Simplified Approach provides a clear and thoughtful look at how identity develops, blending research, theory, and practical applications in a way that is both engaging and accessible. This updated edition does an excellent job of connecting identity formation to real-world challenges, particularly the growing mental health struggles faced by today’s youth. The authors skillfully integrate insights from psychology, sociology, and developmental science, offering a well-rounded perspective that makes this book useful for researchers, educators, and practitioners alike. Its emphasis on identity-based interventions and their practical applications makes it a timely and valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding and supporting youth development.”Mojtaba Habibi Asgarabad, PhD, Researcher in Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway“This book serves a strong new edition to the identity literature, providing a comprehensive review of identity across various traditions and contextualized particularly within the Western cultural context. In addition, the authors provide compelling arguments for the need to focus on identity-related problems as particular manifestations of recent socio-cultural changes and, most critically as part of this new edition, provides a framework for integrating models of identity into intervention and prevention efforts. In turn, Identity Formation, Youth, and Development is a fundamental textbook for any researcher conducting work on identity development and any instructor seeking to provide an in-depth course on the subject.”Alan Meca, PhD, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio“This book represents a significant contribution to the identity development research literature, situating identity formation within the broader context of applied developmental science. For educators and practitioners working directly with youth, this book serves as an indispensable guide, providing evidence-based strategies and insights into how identity formation can be fostered in educational and therapeutic settings. Clinicians will find the book invaluable in understanding the methodologies and measures used to study identity development, ensuring that interventions are grounded in robust research. By highlighting how applied developmental science uniquely contributes to the evolution of identity interventions, this book underscores the transformative impact such interventions can have—not only on the lives of youth but also on the broader fabric of society, inspiring hope for a more resilient and empowered generation.”Arlen J. Garcia, PhD, LMHC-QS, Professor of Psychology and Student Life Skills, Miami Dade College, USA"The new edition supremely bridges theory and urgently needed real-world applications, exposing how societal structures fuel youth disconnection. The ‘identity-purpose lens’ has transformed my work in social rehabilitation—offering tools to address the voids in meaning behind today’s mental health crisis. Essential reading."Dr. Eerik Soares Mantere, A-Clinic Foundation, Finland.For the first edition:“Côté and Levine adeptly manage to place the field of identity theory and research into a psychosocial historical context that gives the reader new insights into the developmental task of identity formation, in a manner that is accessible to all.”Steven L. Berman, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Psychology Department, University of Central Florida and President, Society for Research on Identity Formation, USA“Professors Côté and Levine provide a masterfully erudite, creative, and singularly important integration of the multidisciplinary roots of the concept of identity, and offer a new and significant frame for future research through their Simplified Identity Formation Theory (SIFT). This is an invaluable book that is destined to become required reading for all scholars and students seeking to understand, and to advance knowledge about, identity development among youth.”Richard M. Lerner, Ph.D., Bergstrom Chair in Applied Developmental Science and Director, Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, Tufts University, USA“Côté and Levine are at their best when they describe identity issues in the college years and in the transition to career from college. An audience of undergraduates, worried about what will come of themselves, feeling both uncertain and guilty at failing to do as well as they should have, will much appreciate the parts of the book that let them know that they are not alone.”Daphna Oyserman, Ph.D., Dean’s Professor of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA“This book integrates multiple perspectives on identity development with the sociological and psychological study of youth, and frames identity within the constraints of social and historical contexts. The emphasis on the interplay of agency and structure is extremely valuable, especially within a cross-cultural lens. Côté and Levine provide a roadmap for studying identity within the complex modern world.”Seth J. Schwartz, Ph.D., Professor of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami and President-Elect, Society for the Study of Emerging Adulthood, USA