Dirk Van Hertem is an Assistant Professor within ESAT-ELECTA at KU Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Van Hertem has written over 100 scientific papers in international journals and conferences.Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt is an Associate Professor in the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC). He is involved in the CITCEA-UPC research group and the Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC).Jun Liang is a Reader within the School of Engineering at Cardiff University, UK. He's also an Adjunct Professor at Changsha University of Science and Technology and North China Electric Power University.

• LIST OF FIGURES xviiLIST OF TABLES xxvCONTRIBUTORS xxviiFOREWORD xxixPREFACE xxxiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxvACRONYMS xxxviiPART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURECHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC GRIDS 3Dirk Van Hertem1.1 Introduction 31.2 From the Vertically Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 31.3 Drivers for Change 51.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 61.4 Investments in the Grid 121.5 Towards HVDC Grids 171.6 Conclusions 22CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS: PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25Erik Delarue and Cedric De Jonghe2.1 Introduction 252.2 System Setting 262.3 Scenarios for Europe's Energy Provision 342.4 Conclusions 40PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDSCHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45Gen Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem3.1 Introduction 453.2 LCC-HVDC Systems 453.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 513.4 VSC-HVDC Systems 533.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 533.6 Transmission Lines 723.7 Conclusions 76CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC TECHNOLOGIES 79Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem4.1 Introduction 794.2 Current Technology Limits 794.3 Technical Comparison 824.4 Economic Comparison 874.5 Conclusions 94CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt5.1 Introduction 975.2 Parts of the Wind Turbine 985.3 Wind Turbine Types 995.4 Conclusions 107CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia,Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper6.1 Introduction 1096.2 AC OWPPs 1116.3 DC OWPPs 1306.4 Other OWPPs Proposals 1356.5 Conclusions 138PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC GRIDSCHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem7.1 Context of Transmission System Planning 1437.2 Transmission Expansion Optimization Methodologies 1527.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC Technology 1557.4 Illustrative Examples 157CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS 171Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem8.1 What is an HVDC Grid? 1728.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 1728.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 1768.4 HVDC Converter Station Configuration 1838.5 Substation Configuration 1898.6 Conclusions 189CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen, Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos9.1 Introduction 1939.2 Transmission Grid Planning 1949.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 1979.4 Transmission Grid Financing 2019.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 2049.6 Transmission Grid Operation 2089.7 Conclusions 210CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH HVDC GRIDS 213Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez10.1 Introduction 21310.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 21410.3 Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 21710.4 Managing Energy Unbalances in the System 22310.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 22610.6 Ancillary Services 23010.7 Grid Codes 23510.8 Conclusions 235CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba11.1 Introduction 23911.2 System Under Analysis 24011.3 Control and Protection Requirements 24011.4 Wind Power Plant Control Structure 24511.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified Example 24911.6 Conclusions 254PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDSCHAPTER 12 MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem12.1 Introduction 25712.2 Power System Computation Programs 25712.3 Modeling Power Electronic Converters 25812.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 26212.5 Conclusions 264CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267Jef Beerten13.1 Introduction 26713.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 26813.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 27213.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 27913.5 Software Implementation 28913.6 Test Case 28913.7 Conclusions 290CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293Johan Rimez14.1 Introduction 29314.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation and Extension 29314.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 29914.4 Adding Security Constraints 30614.5 Conclusions 313CHAPTER 15 CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til Kristian Vrana15.1 Introduction 31515.2 Basic Control Principles 31615.3 Basic Converter Control Strategies 31815.4 Advanced Converter Control Strategies 32115.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 32415.6 Advanced Grid Control Strategies 32515.7 Converter Inner Current Control 32615.8 System Power Flow Control 32815.9 Conclusions 330CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi16.1 Introduction 33316.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 33316.3 Four-Terminal Grid Example 33916.4 Conclusions 343CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem17.1 Introduction 34517.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 34617.3 DC Grid Protection 36117.4 DC Protection Components 36617.5 Conclusions 368CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi and Marc Cheah18.1 Introduction 37118.2 Real-Time Simulation in Power Systems 37518.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 37918.4 Potential Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386PART V APPLICATIONSCHAPTER 19 POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo19.1 Introduction 39119.2 Power System Stability 39219.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution: Application Examples 39719.4 Conclusions 409CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413Fernando D. Bianchi and Eduardo Prieto-Araujo20.1 Introduction 41320.2 Control of Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Grids 41420.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design 41820.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 42120.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC Network Example 42220.6 Conclusions 426CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW CONTROL DEVICES 429Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu21.1 DC Power Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 43021.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow Control Devices 43721.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 43821.4 Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 44121.5 Control Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 44421.6 Comparison of Power Control Devices 44821.7 Conclusions 450CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE AC HUB 451Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 45122.2 What is the AC Hub? 45222.3 Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 45522.4 AC Hub Control Using Variable Frequency 46022.5 Conclusions 469

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