Edited by Kushtrim Istrefi, Associate Professor of Human Rights Law and Public International Law, Luca Pasquet, Assistant Professor of Public International Law, Lucas Roorda Assistant Professor of Public International Law, Cedric Ryngaert, Professor of Public International Law, Utrecht University, the Netherlands with Berfin Deniz Çabuk, PhD candidate in international Law and Space Law, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

• Contents1 Introduction: Human Rights Accountability of State Like andNon-Universally Recognised States 1Cedric Ryngaert, Kushtrim Istrefi, Luca Pasquet and Lucas Roorda2 Statehood, territory and non-state territorial entities 11Jure Vidmar3 Reorienting responsibility: looking to the functional capacityof non-state effective territorial entities to achieve humanrights accountability 36Sarah McGibbon4 Towards the accountability of state-like entities underinternational human rights law 63Linda Hamid5 Limits to human rights obligations of secessionist entities:protection gap uncertainty and legitimation of illegality 90Júlia Miklasová6 Human rights accountability for sui generis entities:investigating domestic avenues 115Haris Huremagić and Fritz Kainz7 The determination of accountability for human rights onleased territories 143Michael J. Strauss8 Unrecognised states and overseas territories at the UNHuman Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review 161Frederick Cowell9 Contested statehood and international legal personality: thecase of the Holy See 184John R Morss10 International human rights standards and accountability ofKosovo 207Robert Muharremi and Kushtrim Istrefi11 With limited power still comes great responsibility: humanrights obligations and responsibility in Palestine as a limitedstate 233Shadi Sakran12 A ‘non-state’ acting as a state? The case of the protection andpromotion of human rights in Somaliland 255Cristiano D’Orsi13 Human rights accountability in the context of the de factodivision of Cyprus 284Aristotelis Constantinides14 Human rights accountability in Western Sahara:responsibility without recognition 313Andrea Maria Pelliconi and Jed Odermatt

‘Although states remain the primary unit of analysis in international law, the exercise of public power increasingly occurs through state-like entities, contested authorities and non-universally recognised states. By examining how questions of immunity, legal personality and recognition can complicate accountability, this book offers a rigorous and insightful way through the legal minefield when formal status and effective authority do not align.’