How to Choose a Leader

Maurizio Viroli is professor emeritus of politics at Princeton University, professor of government at the University of Texas, Austin, and professor of political communication at the University of Italian Switzerland in Lugano. His many books include Niccolo's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli (Hill & Wang) and Redeeming "The Prince": The Meaning of Machiavelli's Masterpiece (Princeton).

• Introduction: Why Ask Machiavelli? ix I Citizens ought to "keep their hands on the republic" and "choose the lesser evil." 1 II " Judge by the hands, not by the eyes." 6 III " It is the common good which makes republics great." 12 IV " Whoever desires constant success must change his conduct with the times." 17 V " How by the delusions of seeming good the people are often misled to desire their own ruin; and how they are frequently influenced by great hopes and brave promises." 22 VI " Men almost always follow the beaten track of others, and proceed in their actions by imitation." 26 VII " Great men and powerful republics preserve an equal dignity and courage in prosperity and adversity." 33 VIII " And although these men were rare and wonderful, they were nevertheless but men, and the opportunities which they had were far less favorable than the present; nor were their undertakings more just or more easy than this; neither was God more a friend of them than of you." 37 IX " For it is the duty of any good man to teach others that good which the malignity of the times and of fortune has prevented his doing himself; so that amongst the many capable ones whom he has instructed, someone perhaps, more favored by Heaven, may perform it." 42 X " It is very difficult, indeed almost impossible to maintain liberty in a republic that has become corrupt or to establish it there anew." 46 XI " Poverty never was allowed to stand in the way of the achievement of any rank or honor and virtue and merit were sought for under whatever roof they dwelt; it was this system that made riches naturally less desirable." 52 XII " In well-regulated republics the state ought to be rich and the citizens poor." 56 XIII " Prolonged commands brought Rome to servitude." 63 XIV " I love my country more than my soul." 67 XV " For where the very safety of the country depends upon the resolution to be taken, no considerations of justice or injustice, humanity or cruelty, nor of glory or of shame, should be allowed to prevail. But putting all other considerations aside, the only question should be, 'what course will save the life and liberty of the country?'" 73 XVI " The authority of the dictatorship has always proved beneficial to Rome, and never injurious; it is the authority which men usurp, and not that which is given them by the free suffrages of their fellow-citizens, that is dangerous to civil liberty." 80 XVII " I say that I have never practiced war as my profession, because my profession is to govern my subjects and to defend them, and, in order to be able to defend them, to love peace and to know how to make war." 85 XVIII " An excellent general is usually an orator because, unless he knows how to speak to the whole army, he will have difficulty in doing anything good." 89 XIX " A prince becomes esteemed when he shows himself either a true friend or a real enemy." 97 XX " To insure a long existence to religious sects or republics, it is necessary frequently to bring them back to their original principles." 101 Notes 107 Sources of the Quotations 115 Note on the Texts 117

"Voters of all persuasions will find much here to confirm their convictions... Machiavelli wanted to make his country great again, but greatness should have nothing to do with vanity or cruelty. Viroli offers a timely reminder of his thought."--Raphael Hogarth, Times Literary Supplement "As Maurizio Viroli makes clear in his short, sharp, and sobering How to Choose a Leader: Machiavelli's Advice to Citizens, the GOP's presidential nominee would have horrified the Florentine political thinker--not because he has grasped Machiavelli's advice--he hasn't--but because he scorns Machiavelli's values."--Robert Zaretsky, Los Angeles Review of Books "A good book for an election year."--Choice