How Feedback Works

John Almarode is a professor of education at James Madison University. He was awarded the inaugural Sarah Miller Luck Endowed Professorship in 2015 and received an Outstanding Faculty Award from the State Council for Higher Education in Virginia in 2021. John started as a mathematics and science teacher in Augusta County, Virginia. John has written multiple books, book chapters, papers, and reports. His collaborative work with colleagues on what works best in teaching and learning includes How Tutoring Works, Visible Learning in Early Childhood, and How Learning Works, all with Corwin Press.Douglas Fisher is professor and chair of educational leadership at San Diego State University and a teacher leader at Health Sciences High and Middle College. Previously, Fisher was an early intervention teacher and elementary school educator. In 2022, he was inducted into the Reading Hall of Fame by the Literacy Research Association. He has published numerous articles on reading and literacy, differentiated instruction, and curriculum design, as well as books such as Your Introduction to PLC+, Welcome to Teaching, How Feedback Works, Teaching Reading, and RIGOR Unveiled. Fisher loves being an educator and hopes to share that passion with others.Nancy Frey is a professor in educational leadership at San Diego State University and a teacher leader at Health Sciences High and Middle College. Her published titles include The Courage to Learn, The Art and Science of Coaching, How Scaffolding Works, and The Illustrated Guide to Visible Learning. Frey is a credentialed special educator, reading specialist, and administrator in California and learns from teachers and students every day.

• Part I: Setting the Foundations for How Feedback WorksModule 1: What is Feedback?Module 2: What Does the Latest Research Say about Feedback?Module 3: What Does the Feedback Process Look Like in Action?Module 4: What are the Four Foundational Elements of Feedback?Module 5: What are the Barriers to Giving, Receiving, and Integrating Feedback?Part II: The 4 C’s: Care, Credibility, Clarity, and CommunicationModule 6: What is the Role of Care in How Feedback Works?Module 7: What is the Role of Credibility in How Feedback Works?Module 8: How Important is Clarity in How Feedback Works?Module 9: What is the Role of Evidence in How Feedback Works?Module 10: What Role do Teacher and Student Noticing Play in How Feedback Works?Module 11: What are the Similarities and Differences between the Four Types of Feedback?Module 12: How Should Feedback be Communicated?Module 13: How do Cues and Reinforcements Communicate Feedback?Module 14: How Can Technology Communicate Feedback?Module 15: How do Practice Tests Communicate Feedback?Module 16: How can we Engage our Learners in Communicating Feedback?Conclusion

Feedback is complicated, complex, and layered. How Feedback Works made it feel possible and easy! As someone who is familiar with formative assessment practices, which include feedback and peer feedback, I saw the through line immediately. Each module addresses a different type of feedback but also adds a deeper understanding of feedback as new ideas are discussed in various ways. This book added to my own knowledge and pushed me to think a little differently.