Hakan Sahin is an Assistant Professor in Private International Law at Maltepe University, Istanbul. He regularly advises state entities as well as private clients on a range of issues, including international energy law, international arbitration and international investment law.

• Acknowledgements List of abbreviationsPART IPolitical risks in the energy sector 1 Introduction and framework of the research Introduction Expropriation or nationalisation? Why are stabilisation clauses a controversial issue? Host government agreements Objectives and scope of the research The gap in conventional literature Research questions Methodology Overview of Azerbaijan and Turkey Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan crude oil pipeline project: timeline, importance and issues Structure of the book 2 Indirect expropriation Introduction Distinguishing between direct and indirect expropriation The types of host state measures that may constitute indirect expropriationCriteria for the distinction between legitimate regulation (noncompensable regulation) and indirect expropriation Sole effect versus police power Bilateral investment treaties of Azerbaijan and Turkey and their treaty provisions concerning indirect expropriation Tools for mitigating indirect expropriation risk Conclusions PART IIMitigating political risks through stability provisions 3 Stabilisation clauses Introduction General implications of stabilisation clauses Typologies of stabilisation clauses Legal importance and functional value of stabilisation clauses Do stabilisation provisions constitute a threat to environmental protection and human rights? The BTC pipeline project (I): reactions to the project Conclusion 4 Lenders, risk insurers and rating agencies Introduction The main financial institutions in project financing The role of lenders in inclusion of stabilisation clauses Political risk insurance providers The role of political risk insurance providers in the inclusion of stabilisation clauses Credit rating agencies The role of credit rating providers in the inclusion of stabilisation clauses Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline project (II) Conclusions 5 Political systems and laws on foreign investment in Azerbaijan and Turkey Introduction Azerbaijan Turkey A comparison of guarantees available under FDI laws and political regimes in Azerbaijan and Turkey Conclusions PART IIIConclusion and recommendations 6 Conclusions and recommendations The research findings and conclusions Recommendations Index

Hakan Sahin is an Assistant Professor in Private International Law at Maltepe University, Istanbul. He regularly advises state entities as well as private clients on a range of issues, including international energy law, international arbitration and international investment law.

• Acknowledgements List of abbreviationsPART IPolitical risks in the energy sector 1 Introduction and framework of the research Introduction Expropriation or nationalisation? Why are stabilisation clauses a controversial issue? Host government agreements Objectives and scope of the research The gap in conventional literature Research questions Methodology Overview of Azerbaijan and Turkey Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan crude oil pipeline project: timeline, importance and issues Structure of the book 2 Indirect expropriation Introduction Distinguishing between direct and indirect expropriation The types of host state measures that may constitute indirect expropriationCriteria for the distinction between legitimate regulation (noncompensable regulation) and indirect expropriation Sole effect versus police power Bilateral investment treaties of Azerbaijan and Turkey and their treaty provisions concerning indirect expropriation Tools for mitigating indirect expropriation risk Conclusions PART IIMitigating political risks through stability provisions 3 Stabilisation clauses Introduction General implications of stabilisation clauses Typologies of stabilisation clauses Legal importance and functional value of stabilisation clauses Do stabilisation provisions constitute a threat to environmental protection and human rights? The BTC pipeline project (I): reactions to the project Conclusion 4 Lenders, risk insurers and rating agencies Introduction The main financial institutions in project financing The role of lenders in inclusion of stabilisation clauses Political risk insurance providers The role of political risk insurance providers in the inclusion of stabilisation clauses Credit rating agencies The role of credit rating providers in the inclusion of stabilisation clauses Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline project (II) Conclusions 5 Political systems and laws on foreign investment in Azerbaijan and Turkey Introduction Azerbaijan Turkey A comparison of guarantees available under FDI laws and political regimes in Azerbaijan and Turkey Conclusions PART IIIConclusion and recommendations 6 Conclusions and recommendations The research findings and conclusions Recommendations Index

Hakan Sahin is an Assistant Professor in Private International Law at Maltepe University, Istanbul. He regularly advises state entities as well as private clients on a range of issues, including international energy law, international arbitration and international investment law.

• Acknowledgements List of abbreviationsPART IPolitical risks in the energy sector 1 Introduction and framework of the research Introduction Expropriation or nationalisation? Why are stabilisation clauses a controversial issue? Host government agreements Objectives and scope of the research The gap in conventional literature Research questions Methodology Overview of Azerbaijan and Turkey Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan crude oil pipeline project: timeline, importance and issues Structure of the book 2 Indirect expropriation Introduction Distinguishing between direct and indirect expropriation The types of host state measures that may constitute indirect expropriationCriteria for the distinction between legitimate regulation (noncompensable regulation) and indirect expropriation Sole effect versus police power Bilateral investment treaties of Azerbaijan and Turkey and their treaty provisions concerning indirect expropriation Tools for mitigating indirect expropriation risk Conclusions PART IIMitigating political risks through stability provisions 3 Stabilisation clauses Introduction General implications of stabilisation clauses Typologies of stabilisation clauses Legal importance and functional value of stabilisation clauses Do stabilisation provisions constitute a threat to environmental protection and human rights? The BTC pipeline project (I): reactions to the project Conclusion 4 Lenders, risk insurers and rating agencies Introduction The main financial institutions in project financing The role of lenders in inclusion of stabilisation clauses Political risk insurance providers The role of political risk insurance providers in the inclusion of stabilisation clauses Credit rating agencies The role of credit rating providers in the inclusion of stabilisation clauses Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline project (II) Conclusions 5 Political systems and laws on foreign investment in Azerbaijan and Turkey Introduction Azerbaijan Turkey A comparison of guarantees available under FDI laws and political regimes in Azerbaijan and Turkey Conclusions PART IIIConclusion and recommendations 6 Conclusions and recommendations The research findings and conclusions Recommendations Index