Professor Ian James Warrington CNZM is a Palmerston North horticultural scientist and science administrator. He was former chief executive of HortResearch (now Plant & Food Research). He was a senior administrator at Massey University until his position was axed in a cost-saving move. He received the T. K. Sidey Medal in 1984, an award set up by the Royal Society of New Zealand for outstanding scientific research. He was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (CNZM) in the 2011 New Year Honours.

• Contributors ixDedication: Guglielmo Costa xiiiA. Ross Ferguson1. Recent Advances in Sexual Propagation and Breeding of Garlic 1Einat Shemesh‐Mayer and Rina Kamenetsky GoldsteinI. Introduction 2II. Horticultural Diversity and Genetic Resources 3III. Life Cycle and the Flowering Process 6IV. Fertility Barriers 16V. Unlocking Variability by Sexual Reproduction 24VI. Concluding Remarks 29Literature Cited 292. Control of Fruit Tree Vigor Induced by Dwarfing Rootstocks 39Boris Basile and Theodore M. DeJongI. Introduction 40II. Biological Complexity of Grafted Fruit Trees and Rootstock–Scion Interactions 42III. Physiology of the Dwarfism Induced by Rootstocks in Fruit Trees 52IV. Conclusions 81Literature Cited 833. Turmeric: Botany and Production Practices 99D. Prasath, K. Kandiannan, N.K. Leela, S. Aarthi,B. Sasikumar, and K. Nirmal BabuI. Introduction 102II. Botany 104III. Biochemistry 110IV. Plant Genetic Resources and Breeding 116V. Biotechnology 122VI. Horticultural Management 133VII. Postharvest Processing 154VIII. Future Prospects 156Literature Cited 1574. Fruit Thinning: Advances and Trends 185Guglielmo Costa, Alessandro Botton, and Giannina VizzottoI. Introduction 186II. Thinning 191III. Abscission Physiology 206IV. Future Perspectives 212Literature Cited 2175. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière): Perspectives from its NorthwesternRange Limit 227Emily K. Ellingson, Stan C. Hokanson, and James M. BradeenI. Introduction and History 228II. Ecology 232III. Horticulture 239IV. Conservation 243V. Conclusion 246Literature Cited 2476. Apple Crop Load Management with Special Focus on Early Thinning Strategies: A US Perspective 255Thomas M. Kon and James R. SchuppI. Introduction 256II. Pruning to Reduce Crop Load 259III. Blossom Thinners 263IV. Integrated Crop Load Management Strategies 285V. Conclusion 286Acknowledgments 288Literature Cited 2897. Grow Us Our Daily Bread: A Review of Breadfruit Cultivation in Traditional and Contemporary Systems 299Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, Diane Ragone, Nyree J.C. Zerega Laura B. Roberts‐Nkrumah, Mark Merlin, andA. Maxwell P. JonesI. Introduction 301II. Botanical Classification 303III. Origins 306IV. Pacific Distribution 309V. Archeological Evidence of Breadfruit 310VI. Traditional Cultivation 311VII. Traditional Uses 317VIII. Historical Movement 320IX. Climate, Range, and Ecology 323X. Physiology 325XI. Morphology 326XII. Reproductive Biology 328XIII. Growth and Development 330XIV. Agronomy 336XV. Diseases 351XVI. Pests 360XVII. Conclusions and Future Research Needs 363Literature Cited 3668. Kiwifruit Biology: The Commercial Implications of Fruit Maturation 385Jeremy N. BurdonI. Introduction 386II. Kiwifruit in Global Trade 387III. Harvest Indices 389IV. Fruit Development 391V. Physical and Compositional Changes During Maturation 394VI. What are we Missing About Fruit Maturation? 403VII. Postharvest Performance 405VIII. Commercial Implications of Understanding Maturation 410IX. Concluding Comments 413Acknowledgments 415Literature Cited 415Subject Index 423Cumulative Subject Index 427Cumulative Contributor Index 465

Professor Ian James Warrington CNZM is a Palmerston North horticultural scientist and science administrator. He was former chief executive of HortResearch (now Plant & Food Research). He was a senior administrator at Massey University until his position was axed in a cost-saving move. He received the T. K. Sidey Medal in 1984, an award set up by the Royal Society of New Zealand for outstanding scientific research. He was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (CNZM) in the 2011 New Year Honours.

• Contributors ixDedication: Guglielmo Costa xiiiA. Ross Ferguson1. Recent Advances in Sexual Propagation and Breeding of Garlic 1Einat Shemesh‐Mayer and Rina Kamenetsky GoldsteinI. Introduction 2II. Horticultural Diversity and Genetic Resources 3III. Life Cycle and the Flowering Process 6IV. Fertility Barriers 16V. Unlocking Variability by Sexual Reproduction 24VI. Concluding Remarks 29Literature Cited 292. Control of Fruit Tree Vigor Induced by Dwarfing Rootstocks 39Boris Basile and Theodore M. DeJongI. Introduction 40II. Biological Complexity of Grafted Fruit Trees and Rootstock–Scion Interactions 42III. Physiology of the Dwarfism Induced by Rootstocks in Fruit Trees 52IV. Conclusions 81Literature Cited 833. Turmeric: Botany and Production Practices 99D. Prasath, K. Kandiannan, N.K. Leela, S. Aarthi,B. Sasikumar, and K. Nirmal BabuI. Introduction 102II. Botany 104III. Biochemistry 110IV. Plant Genetic Resources and Breeding 116V. Biotechnology 122VI. Horticultural Management 133VII. Postharvest Processing 154VIII. Future Prospects 156Literature Cited 1574. Fruit Thinning: Advances and Trends 185Guglielmo Costa, Alessandro Botton, and Giannina VizzottoI. Introduction 186II. Thinning 191III. Abscission Physiology 206IV. Future Perspectives 212Literature Cited 2175. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière): Perspectives from its NorthwesternRange Limit 227Emily K. Ellingson, Stan C. Hokanson, and James M. BradeenI. Introduction and History 228II. Ecology 232III. Horticulture 239IV. Conservation 243V. Conclusion 246Literature Cited 2476. Apple Crop Load Management with Special Focus on Early Thinning Strategies: A US Perspective 255Thomas M. Kon and James R. SchuppI. Introduction 256II. Pruning to Reduce Crop Load 259III. Blossom Thinners 263IV. Integrated Crop Load Management Strategies 285V. Conclusion 286Acknowledgments 288Literature Cited 2897. Grow Us Our Daily Bread: A Review of Breadfruit Cultivation in Traditional and Contemporary Systems 299Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, Diane Ragone, Nyree J.C. Zerega Laura B. Roberts‐Nkrumah, Mark Merlin, andA. Maxwell P. JonesI. Introduction 301II. Botanical Classification 303III. Origins 306IV. Pacific Distribution 309V. Archeological Evidence of Breadfruit 310VI. Traditional Cultivation 311VII. Traditional Uses 317VIII. Historical Movement 320IX. Climate, Range, and Ecology 323X. Physiology 325XI. Morphology 326XII. Reproductive Biology 328XIII. Growth and Development 330XIV. Agronomy 336XV. Diseases 351XVI. Pests 360XVII. Conclusions and Future Research Needs 363Literature Cited 3668. Kiwifruit Biology: The Commercial Implications of Fruit Maturation 385Jeremy N. BurdonI. Introduction 386II. Kiwifruit in Global Trade 387III. Harvest Indices 389IV. Fruit Development 391V. Physical and Compositional Changes During Maturation 394VI. What are we Missing About Fruit Maturation? 403VII. Postharvest Performance 405VIII. Commercial Implications of Understanding Maturation 410IX. Concluding Comments 413Acknowledgments 415Literature Cited 415Subject Index 423Cumulative Subject Index 427Cumulative Contributor Index 465

Professor Ian James Warrington CNZM is a Palmerston North horticultural scientist and science administrator. He was former chief executive of HortResearch (now Plant & Food Research). He was a senior administrator at Massey University until his position was axed in a cost-saving move. He received the T. K. Sidey Medal in 1984, an award set up by the Royal Society of New Zealand for outstanding scientific research. He was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (CNZM) in the 2011 New Year Honours.

• Contributors ixDedication: Guglielmo Costa xiiiA. Ross Ferguson1. Recent Advances in Sexual Propagation and Breeding of Garlic 1Einat Shemesh‐Mayer and Rina Kamenetsky GoldsteinI. Introduction 2II. Horticultural Diversity and Genetic Resources 3III. Life Cycle and the Flowering Process 6IV. Fertility Barriers 16V. Unlocking Variability by Sexual Reproduction 24VI. Concluding Remarks 29Literature Cited 292. Control of Fruit Tree Vigor Induced by Dwarfing Rootstocks 39Boris Basile and Theodore M. DeJongI. Introduction 40II. Biological Complexity of Grafted Fruit Trees and Rootstock–Scion Interactions 42III. Physiology of the Dwarfism Induced by Rootstocks in Fruit Trees 52IV. Conclusions 81Literature Cited 833. Turmeric: Botany and Production Practices 99D. Prasath, K. Kandiannan, N.K. Leela, S. Aarthi,B. Sasikumar, and K. Nirmal BabuI. Introduction 102II. Botany 104III. Biochemistry 110IV. Plant Genetic Resources and Breeding 116V. Biotechnology 122VI. Horticultural Management 133VII. Postharvest Processing 154VIII. Future Prospects 156Literature Cited 1574. Fruit Thinning: Advances and Trends 185Guglielmo Costa, Alessandro Botton, and Giannina VizzottoI. Introduction 186II. Thinning 191III. Abscission Physiology 206IV. Future Perspectives 212Literature Cited 2175. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière): Perspectives from its NorthwesternRange Limit 227Emily K. Ellingson, Stan C. Hokanson, and James M. BradeenI. Introduction and History 228II. Ecology 232III. Horticulture 239IV. Conservation 243V. Conclusion 246Literature Cited 2476. Apple Crop Load Management with Special Focus on Early Thinning Strategies: A US Perspective 255Thomas M. Kon and James R. SchuppI. Introduction 256II. Pruning to Reduce Crop Load 259III. Blossom Thinners 263IV. Integrated Crop Load Management Strategies 285V. Conclusion 286Acknowledgments 288Literature Cited 2897. Grow Us Our Daily Bread: A Review of Breadfruit Cultivation in Traditional and Contemporary Systems 299Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, Diane Ragone, Nyree J.C. Zerega Laura B. Roberts‐Nkrumah, Mark Merlin, andA. Maxwell P. JonesI. Introduction 301II. Botanical Classification 303III. Origins 306IV. Pacific Distribution 309V. Archeological Evidence of Breadfruit 310VI. Traditional Cultivation 311VII. Traditional Uses 317VIII. Historical Movement 320IX. Climate, Range, and Ecology 323X. Physiology 325XI. Morphology 326XII. Reproductive Biology 328XIII. Growth and Development 330XIV. Agronomy 336XV. Diseases 351XVI. Pests 360XVII. Conclusions and Future Research Needs 363Literature Cited 3668. Kiwifruit Biology: The Commercial Implications of Fruit Maturation 385Jeremy N. BurdonI. Introduction 386II. Kiwifruit in Global Trade 387III. Harvest Indices 389IV. Fruit Development 391V. Physical and Compositional Changes During Maturation 394VI. What are we Missing About Fruit Maturation? 403VII. Postharvest Performance 405VIII. Commercial Implications of Understanding Maturation 410IX. Concluding Comments 413Acknowledgments 415Literature Cited 415Subject Index 423Cumulative Subject Index 427Cumulative Contributor Index 465