Jules Janick is the James Troop Distinguished Professor of Horticulture at Purdue University in West Lafayette, IN, USA.

• Contributors ix Dedication: Chad E. Finn xiiJohn R. Clark1. Light-Emitting Diodes in Horticulture 1Cary A. Mitchell, Michael P. Dzakovich, Celina Gomez, Roberto Lopez, John F. Burr, Richardo Hernández, Chieri Kubota, Christopher J. Currey, Quingwu Meng, Erik S. Runkle, Christopher M. Bourget, Robert C. Morrow, and Arend J. BothI. Introduction 5II. Properties of LEDs 6III. Design Considerations 11IV. Historical Overview of LED Use in Horticulture 16V. Summary of Plant Experiments in Space with LEDs 18VI. Horticultural Applications of LEDs 19VII. LED Lighting and Plant Health 60VIII. LEDs and Light Pollution 62IX. LED Light Distribution Issues 63X. LED Environmental and Health Issues 65XI. Adoption of LED Technology by Horticultural Industries 66XII. The Future of Plant Applications for LEDs 72Literature Cited 732. Chayote: Pre-Columbian Origins and Dispersal 89Fernando A. MoreiraI. Introduction 91II. Botany and Horticulture 91III. Linguistic History of Chayote 97IV. Metaphor and Ethnography 120V. Mesoamerican Distribution of Chayote 124VI. Archaeology and Iconography 127VII. Folk Taxonomy 131VIII. Conclusion 135Acknowledgments 137Literature Cited 1373. Ragwort: Invasive Weed and Potential Pharmaceutical 145Catherina M. O’Keeffe, Gary W. Stutte, and Michelle McKeon-BennettI. Introduction 146II. Botany 148III. Chemistry 155IV. Control Measures 163V. Commercial Potential 168VI. Conclusions 172Literature Cited 1744. Advances and Trends in Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming Research 185Martine Dorais and Beatrix AlsaniusI. Principles, History, and Standards of Organic Horticulture 187II. Global Expansion of Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 190III. Published Research on Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming 194IV. Benefits of Organic Horticulture 197V. Constraint of Organic Horticulture 214VI. Proposed Research Area for Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 233VII. Conclusion 238Literature Cited 2395. Western Botanical Gardens: History and Evolution 269Donald A. Rakow and Sharon A. LeeI. Introduction 271II. Ancient Roots 272III. Hortus Conclusus: Precursor of the Hortus Botanicus 274IV. The Rise of Botanical Studies 276V. European Botanical Gardens 277VI. Botanical Gardens in Great Britain 285VII. Botanical Gardens in the United States 292VIII. The Future of the Botanical Garden 306Literature Cited 3086. The Future of Global Banana Production 311Randy C. Ploetz and Edward A. EvansI. Introduction 312II. Origins, Taxonomy, and Production 313III. Production, Trade, and Marketing 315IV. Past and Current Threats to Production 320V. Banana Diseases and Pests 321VI. An Outlook for Future Production 341Literature Cited 343Subject Index 353Cumulative Subject Index 355Cumulative Contributor Index 389

Jules Janick is the James Troop Distinguished Professor of Horticulture at Purdue University in West Lafayette, IN, USA.

• Contributors ix Dedication: Chad E. Finn xiiJohn R. Clark1. Light-Emitting Diodes in Horticulture 1Cary A. Mitchell, Michael P. Dzakovich, Celina Gomez, Roberto Lopez, John F. Burr, Richardo Hernández, Chieri Kubota, Christopher J. Currey, Quingwu Meng, Erik S. Runkle, Christopher M. Bourget, Robert C. Morrow, and Arend J. BothI. Introduction 5II. Properties of LEDs 6III. Design Considerations 11IV. Historical Overview of LED Use in Horticulture 16V. Summary of Plant Experiments in Space with LEDs 18VI. Horticultural Applications of LEDs 19VII. LED Lighting and Plant Health 60VIII. LEDs and Light Pollution 62IX. LED Light Distribution Issues 63X. LED Environmental and Health Issues 65XI. Adoption of LED Technology by Horticultural Industries 66XII. The Future of Plant Applications for LEDs 72Literature Cited 732. Chayote: Pre-Columbian Origins and Dispersal 89Fernando A. MoreiraI. Introduction 91II. Botany and Horticulture 91III. Linguistic History of Chayote 97IV. Metaphor and Ethnography 120V. Mesoamerican Distribution of Chayote 124VI. Archaeology and Iconography 127VII. Folk Taxonomy 131VIII. Conclusion 135Acknowledgments 137Literature Cited 1373. Ragwort: Invasive Weed and Potential Pharmaceutical 145Catherina M. O’Keeffe, Gary W. Stutte, and Michelle McKeon-BennettI. Introduction 146II. Botany 148III. Chemistry 155IV. Control Measures 163V. Commercial Potential 168VI. Conclusions 172Literature Cited 1744. Advances and Trends in Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming Research 185Martine Dorais and Beatrix AlsaniusI. Principles, History, and Standards of Organic Horticulture 187II. Global Expansion of Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 190III. Published Research on Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming 194IV. Benefits of Organic Horticulture 197V. Constraint of Organic Horticulture 214VI. Proposed Research Area for Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 233VII. Conclusion 238Literature Cited 2395. Western Botanical Gardens: History and Evolution 269Donald A. Rakow and Sharon A. LeeI. Introduction 271II. Ancient Roots 272III. Hortus Conclusus: Precursor of the Hortus Botanicus 274IV. The Rise of Botanical Studies 276V. European Botanical Gardens 277VI. Botanical Gardens in Great Britain 285VII. Botanical Gardens in the United States 292VIII. The Future of the Botanical Garden 306Literature Cited 3086. The Future of Global Banana Production 311Randy C. Ploetz and Edward A. EvansI. Introduction 312II. Origins, Taxonomy, and Production 313III. Production, Trade, and Marketing 315IV. Past and Current Threats to Production 320V. Banana Diseases and Pests 321VI. An Outlook for Future Production 341Literature Cited 343Subject Index 353Cumulative Subject Index 355Cumulative Contributor Index 389

Jules Janick is the James Troop Distinguished Professor of Horticulture at Purdue University in West Lafayette, IN, USA.

• Contributors ix Dedication: Chad E. Finn xiiJohn R. Clark1. Light-Emitting Diodes in Horticulture 1Cary A. Mitchell, Michael P. Dzakovich, Celina Gomez, Roberto Lopez, John F. Burr, Richardo Hernández, Chieri Kubota, Christopher J. Currey, Quingwu Meng, Erik S. Runkle, Christopher M. Bourget, Robert C. Morrow, and Arend J. BothI. Introduction 5II. Properties of LEDs 6III. Design Considerations 11IV. Historical Overview of LED Use in Horticulture 16V. Summary of Plant Experiments in Space with LEDs 18VI. Horticultural Applications of LEDs 19VII. LED Lighting and Plant Health 60VIII. LEDs and Light Pollution 62IX. LED Light Distribution Issues 63X. LED Environmental and Health Issues 65XI. Adoption of LED Technology by Horticultural Industries 66XII. The Future of Plant Applications for LEDs 72Literature Cited 732. Chayote: Pre-Columbian Origins and Dispersal 89Fernando A. MoreiraI. Introduction 91II. Botany and Horticulture 91III. Linguistic History of Chayote 97IV. Metaphor and Ethnography 120V. Mesoamerican Distribution of Chayote 124VI. Archaeology and Iconography 127VII. Folk Taxonomy 131VIII. Conclusion 135Acknowledgments 137Literature Cited 1373. Ragwort: Invasive Weed and Potential Pharmaceutical 145Catherina M. O’Keeffe, Gary W. Stutte, and Michelle McKeon-BennettI. Introduction 146II. Botany 148III. Chemistry 155IV. Control Measures 163V. Commercial Potential 168VI. Conclusions 172Literature Cited 1744. Advances and Trends in Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming Research 185Martine Dorais and Beatrix AlsaniusI. Principles, History, and Standards of Organic Horticulture 187II. Global Expansion of Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 190III. Published Research on Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming 194IV. Benefits of Organic Horticulture 197V. Constraint of Organic Horticulture 214VI. Proposed Research Area for Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 233VII. Conclusion 238Literature Cited 2395. Western Botanical Gardens: History and Evolution 269Donald A. Rakow and Sharon A. LeeI. Introduction 271II. Ancient Roots 272III. Hortus Conclusus: Precursor of the Hortus Botanicus 274IV. The Rise of Botanical Studies 276V. European Botanical Gardens 277VI. Botanical Gardens in Great Britain 285VII. Botanical Gardens in the United States 292VIII. The Future of the Botanical Garden 306Literature Cited 3086. The Future of Global Banana Production 311Randy C. Ploetz and Edward A. EvansI. Introduction 312II. Origins, Taxonomy, and Production 313III. Production, Trade, and Marketing 315IV. Past and Current Threats to Production 320V. Banana Diseases and Pests 321VI. An Outlook for Future Production 341Literature Cited 343Subject Index 353Cumulative Subject Index 355Cumulative Contributor Index 389