Radu Ioanid has capitalized on his unique, decades-long experience collecting archives worldwide on behalf of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and building the museum’s collections of survivor testimony to produce the most authoritative study of the Holocaust in Romania available today. The responsibility of Romania’s violently antisemitic Antonescu regime and the complicity or indifference of most Romanian elites and the broader public emerge with a clarity that is often absent in studies of the Holocaust elsewhere. The agony of the victims is powerfully presented, in their own words as well as in reports generated by military and civilian authorities seeking to document their contributions to a national priority. Ioanid’s attention to the victimization of Roma, minority religious sects, and other groups completes the frightful picture of Romania’s Holocaust-era crimes and serves as a warning that if we fail to learn from history, what happened to Jews during the Holocaust can happen to anyone.