Marcel Le Glay was, until his death in 1993, Professor Emeritus at the Sorbonne, Paris.Jean-Louis Voisin is Senior Lecturer at the University of Bourgogne. Yann Le Bohec is Professor at the University of Lyon III. David Cherry is Professor of History at Montana State University, Bozeman. Donald G. Kyle is Professor of History at the University of Texas at Arlington. Eleni Manolaraki is Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of South Florida.

• List of Plates ixList of Figures and Maps xiiList of Chronologies, Genealogies, and Boxes xivPreface to the Fourth Edition xviPreface to the Third Edition xviiPreface to the Second Edition xviiiPreface to the First Edition xixList of Abbreviations xxiIntroduction xxiiThe Sources for Roman History xxiiRome and the Mediterranean xxvThe Origins of the “Roman Miracle” xxviiPart I: From the Origins to the Empire 11 Italy before Rome 31.1 The Peoples of Prehistoric Italy 51.2 The Cultures of Prehistoric Italy 71.3 The East’s Influence on the West 142 The Formation of Rome: From Romulus to the Tarquins 192.1 Latin and Sabine Kings 212.2 Etruscan Rome 262.3 The Religion of Archaic Rome 333 The Young Republic: The Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE 413.1 The Birth of the Republic and the Struggle of the Orders 433.2 The Decemvirs and their Task 463.3 In Search of Equilibrium: 449–312 bce 493.4 The Republic’s Institutions at the End of the Fourth Century 56vi Contents4 The Growth of the Republic: War and Conquest in the Third Century BCE 614.1 Economy, Society, Army 634.2 The Conquest of Central and Southern Italy 664.3 The Hellenization of Art and Religion 684.4 The Punic Wars 734.5 Gladiatorial Combat: Rise and Early Development 825 Consequences of Conquest: The Second Century BCE 895.1 What Was Roman Imperialism? 915.2 Conquests from 200 to 148 bce: Defensive Imperialism 935.3 Conquests from 148 to 133 bce: Conscious Imperialism 955.4 War and Conquest: 133–96 bce 1005.5 Roman Triumphs: Spectacles of Military Victory 1035.6 The Economic, Social, and Political Consequences of the Conquests 1075.7 Cultural Consequences 1156 The Late Republic: The First Century BCE 1216.1 Personal Ambitions and the Civil Wars 1236.2 Toward a New Order 1596.3 Social and Cultural Transformations 169Part II: Rome, Master of the World 1857 The Roman World in 31–28 BCE 1877.1 Actium and its Aftermath 1897.2 Rome and Italy 1947.3 The Provinces 1977.4 Boundaries and Frontiers 2038 Augustus: The Birth of the Imperial Regime: 29 BCE–14 CE 2078.1 The Formation of the Principate 2098.2 The Emperor and his Entourage 2188.3 A Hierarchy of Offices 2248.4 The Army and its Conquests 2308.5 The Administration of the Empire 2378.6 Augustus: Showman and Gamesmaster of Rome 2438.7 Religious Policy 2498.8 The Succession 2549 The Julio-Claudians: The System Under Stress: 14–68 CE 2579.1 Four Personalities: Tiberius, Gaius (Caligula), Claudius, Nero 2599.2 The Institutions and Innovations of the Julio-Claudians 2719.3 Development of the Administration 28510 The Flavians: Consolidating the Imperial Order: 68–96 CE 28910.1 Events and Contenders 29110.2 Interpretations 29310.3 The Flavian Dynasty 29410.4 Domitian and Tyranny: 81–96 ce 30510.5 A Developing Municipal Life and a Changing Society 31110.6 Social Changes 31511 The Antonine Empire: 96–192 CE 31911.1 Italo-Provincial Emperors 32111.2 Italy in Decline, the Provinces Expanding 35011.3 Romanization 36411.4 A Mediterranean Economy 36611.5 The Army 37311.6 Spectacles and the Roman Empire 38211.7 Religious Life 39412 The African and Syrian Emperors: 193–235 CE 40512.1 The Crisis of 193–197 ce 40712.2 Septimius Severus and his Sons 40812.3 Macrinus, Elagabalus, Severus Alexander 42612.4 Provincial Upsurge and the Orientalization of the Empire? 431Part III: Another Roman World: Third to Fifth Century CE 437Introduction to Part III: The Nature of the Times 43813 Equilibrium: 235 CE 43913.1 A Fragile Balance 44113.2 Rome and Italy 44313.3 The Western Provinces 44613.4 The Eastern Provinces 44913.5 Beyond the Limes 45213.6 Balance and Instability 45414 A Disintegrating Order: 235–284 CE 45714.1 Sinking into Crisis: 235–260 ce 45914.2 The Nature and Limits of the Crisis 46214.3 The Reaction of the Imperial Government: 260–284 ce 46715 A Different Order: 284–361 CE 47115.1 Diocletian and the Tetrarchy: 284–305 ce 47315.2 Constantine: 306–337 ce 47715.3 Constantine’s Sons: 337–361 ce 48115.4 Three Emperors and their Achievements 48416 Different Institutions: Reorganization 48516.1 Central Government 48716.2 The Army 49116.3 Territorial Authorities 49616.4 Cities and Municipal Life 49816.5 An Absolute Monarchy 50217 A Different Socio-Economic World: Recovery and State Control 50317.1 The Economic Recovery 50517.2 Society and the State 50917.3 Towns and Villas 51717.4 Expansion and Lifestyles 52118 Between Paganism and Christianity 52318.1 The Fourth-Century ce Renaissance 52518.2 Paganism on the Defensive 52618.3 Judaism between the Empire and the Church 53318.4 Christianity Takes the Offensive 53518.5 Boom and Decline 54319 The End of the Roman World? 54519.1 Julian: 361–363 ce 54719.2 A New Crisis: 364–395 ce 55019.3 The End of Rome? 554Chronological Table 559Glossary 578Guide to Greek and Roman Writers 584Guide to Further Reading 595Index 617

“The fourth edition of this highly successful text retains the virtues of its predecessors while judiciously revising, expanding, and updating the presentation of material. In its new form A History of Rome will continue to provide excellent support for courses in Roman history, culture, and society.”Richard Tarrant, Harvard University “The new edition of this comprehensive and widely-used history of ancient Rome improves an already valuable and authoritative textbook, augmenting the range of maps and illustrations, expanding the historical horizons with additional literary material and discussion of inscriptional evidence, and updating the notes on further reading. The combination of visual material and detailed narrative offers a vivid and multidimensional perspective on the most powerful and enduringly influential of ancient empires.”Alan Bowman, University of Oxford Praise for the third edition: "Edition 3 maintains a good balance betweena general survey and a deeper analysis of Roman history, combining a traditional biographical and factual approach with thematic discussions of socio-political developments and institutions. I highly recommend all the new materials for both personal research and classroom use."Bryn Mawr Classical Review "A History of Rome is a solid textbook. With a strong and topical vision of the city's political, military and cultural history, the empire is brought firmly into the picture."Antiquity

Marcel Le Glay was, until his death in 1993, Professor Emeritus at the Sorbonne, Paris.Jean-Louis Voisin is Senior Lecturer at the University of Bourgogne. Yann Le Bohec is Professor at the University of Lyon III. David Cherry is Professor of History at Montana State University, Bozeman. Donald G. Kyle is Professor of History at the University of Texas at Arlington. Eleni Manolaraki is Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of South Florida.

• List of Plates ixList of Figures and Maps xiiList of Chronologies, Genealogies, and Boxes xivPreface to the Fourth Edition xviPreface to the Third Edition xviiPreface to the Second Edition xviiiPreface to the First Edition xixList of Abbreviations xxiIntroduction xxiiThe Sources for Roman History xxiiRome and the Mediterranean xxvThe Origins of the “Roman Miracle” xxviiPart I: From the Origins to the Empire 11 Italy before Rome 31.1 The Peoples of Prehistoric Italy 51.2 The Cultures of Prehistoric Italy 71.3 The East’s Influence on the West 142 The Formation of Rome: From Romulus to the Tarquins 192.1 Latin and Sabine Kings 212.2 Etruscan Rome 262.3 The Religion of Archaic Rome 333 The Young Republic: The Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE 413.1 The Birth of the Republic and the Struggle of the Orders 433.2 The Decemvirs and their Task 463.3 In Search of Equilibrium: 449–312 bce 493.4 The Republic’s Institutions at the End of the Fourth Century 56vi Contents4 The Growth of the Republic: War and Conquest in the Third Century BCE 614.1 Economy, Society, Army 634.2 The Conquest of Central and Southern Italy 664.3 The Hellenization of Art and Religion 684.4 The Punic Wars 734.5 Gladiatorial Combat: Rise and Early Development 825 Consequences of Conquest: The Second Century BCE 895.1 What Was Roman Imperialism? 915.2 Conquests from 200 to 148 bce: Defensive Imperialism 935.3 Conquests from 148 to 133 bce: Conscious Imperialism 955.4 War and Conquest: 133–96 bce 1005.5 Roman Triumphs: Spectacles of Military Victory 1035.6 The Economic, Social, and Political Consequences of the Conquests 1075.7 Cultural Consequences 1156 The Late Republic: The First Century BCE 1216.1 Personal Ambitions and the Civil Wars 1236.2 Toward a New Order 1596.3 Social and Cultural Transformations 169Part II: Rome, Master of the World 1857 The Roman World in 31–28 BCE 1877.1 Actium and its Aftermath 1897.2 Rome and Italy 1947.3 The Provinces 1977.4 Boundaries and Frontiers 2038 Augustus: The Birth of the Imperial Regime: 29 BCE–14 CE 2078.1 The Formation of the Principate 2098.2 The Emperor and his Entourage 2188.3 A Hierarchy of Offices 2248.4 The Army and its Conquests 2308.5 The Administration of the Empire 2378.6 Augustus: Showman and Gamesmaster of Rome 2438.7 Religious Policy 2498.8 The Succession 2549 The Julio-Claudians: The System Under Stress: 14–68 CE 2579.1 Four Personalities: Tiberius, Gaius (Caligula), Claudius, Nero 2599.2 The Institutions and Innovations of the Julio-Claudians 2719.3 Development of the Administration 28510 The Flavians: Consolidating the Imperial Order: 68–96 CE 28910.1 Events and Contenders 29110.2 Interpretations 29310.3 The Flavian Dynasty 29410.4 Domitian and Tyranny: 81–96 ce 30510.5 A Developing Municipal Life and a Changing Society 31110.6 Social Changes 31511 The Antonine Empire: 96–192 CE 31911.1 Italo-Provincial Emperors 32111.2 Italy in Decline, the Provinces Expanding 35011.3 Romanization 36411.4 A Mediterranean Economy 36611.5 The Army 37311.6 Spectacles and the Roman Empire 38211.7 Religious Life 39412 The African and Syrian Emperors: 193–235 CE 40512.1 The Crisis of 193–197 ce 40712.2 Septimius Severus and his Sons 40812.3 Macrinus, Elagabalus, Severus Alexander 42612.4 Provincial Upsurge and the Orientalization of the Empire? 431Part III: Another Roman World: Third to Fifth Century CE 437Introduction to Part III: The Nature of the Times 43813 Equilibrium: 235 CE 43913.1 A Fragile Balance 44113.2 Rome and Italy 44313.3 The Western Provinces 44613.4 The Eastern Provinces 44913.5 Beyond the Limes 45213.6 Balance and Instability 45414 A Disintegrating Order: 235–284 CE 45714.1 Sinking into Crisis: 235–260 ce 45914.2 The Nature and Limits of the Crisis 46214.3 The Reaction of the Imperial Government: 260–284 ce 46715 A Different Order: 284–361 CE 47115.1 Diocletian and the Tetrarchy: 284–305 ce 47315.2 Constantine: 306–337 ce 47715.3 Constantine’s Sons: 337–361 ce 48115.4 Three Emperors and their Achievements 48416 Different Institutions: Reorganization 48516.1 Central Government 48716.2 The Army 49116.3 Territorial Authorities 49616.4 Cities and Municipal Life 49816.5 An Absolute Monarchy 50217 A Different Socio-Economic World: Recovery and State Control 50317.1 The Economic Recovery 50517.2 Society and the State 50917.3 Towns and Villas 51717.4 Expansion and Lifestyles 52118 Between Paganism and Christianity 52318.1 The Fourth-Century ce Renaissance 52518.2 Paganism on the Defensive 52618.3 Judaism between the Empire and the Church 53318.4 Christianity Takes the Offensive 53518.5 Boom and Decline 54319 The End of the Roman World? 54519.1 Julian: 361–363 ce 54719.2 A New Crisis: 364–395 ce 55019.3 The End of Rome? 554Chronological Table 559Glossary 578Guide to Greek and Roman Writers 584Guide to Further Reading 595Index 617

“The fourth edition of this highly successful text retains the virtues of its predecessors while judiciously revising, expanding, and updating the presentation of material. In its new form A History of Rome will continue to provide excellent support for courses in Roman history, culture, and society.”Richard Tarrant, Harvard University “The new edition of this comprehensive and widely-used history of ancient Rome improves an already valuable and authoritative textbook, augmenting the range of maps and illustrations, expanding the historical horizons with additional literary material and discussion of inscriptional evidence, and updating the notes on further reading. The combination of visual material and detailed narrative offers a vivid and multidimensional perspective on the most powerful and enduringly influential of ancient empires.”Alan Bowman, University of Oxford Praise for the third edition: "Edition 3 maintains a good balance betweena general survey and a deeper analysis of Roman history, combining a traditional biographical and factual approach with thematic discussions of socio-political developments and institutions. I highly recommend all the new materials for both personal research and classroom use."Bryn Mawr Classical Review "A History of Rome is a solid textbook. With a strong and topical vision of the city's political, military and cultural history, the empire is brought firmly into the picture."Antiquity

Marcel Le Glay was, until his death in 1993, Professor Emeritus at the Sorbonne, Paris.Jean-Louis Voisin is Senior Lecturer at the University of Bourgogne. Yann Le Bohec is Professor at the University of Lyon III. David Cherry is Professor of History at Montana State University, Bozeman. Donald G. Kyle is Professor of History at the University of Texas at Arlington. Eleni Manolaraki is Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of South Florida.

• List of Plates ixList of Figures and Maps xiiList of Chronologies, Genealogies, and Boxes xivPreface to the Fourth Edition xviPreface to the Third Edition xviiPreface to the Second Edition xviiiPreface to the First Edition xixList of Abbreviations xxiIntroduction xxiiThe Sources for Roman History xxiiRome and the Mediterranean xxvThe Origins of the “Roman Miracle” xxviiPart I: From the Origins to the Empire 11 Italy before Rome 31.1 The Peoples of Prehistoric Italy 51.2 The Cultures of Prehistoric Italy 71.3 The East’s Influence on the West 142 The Formation of Rome: From Romulus to the Tarquins 192.1 Latin and Sabine Kings 212.2 Etruscan Rome 262.3 The Religion of Archaic Rome 333 The Young Republic: The Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE 413.1 The Birth of the Republic and the Struggle of the Orders 433.2 The Decemvirs and their Task 463.3 In Search of Equilibrium: 449–312 bce 493.4 The Republic’s Institutions at the End of the Fourth Century 56vi Contents4 The Growth of the Republic: War and Conquest in the Third Century BCE 614.1 Economy, Society, Army 634.2 The Conquest of Central and Southern Italy 664.3 The Hellenization of Art and Religion 684.4 The Punic Wars 734.5 Gladiatorial Combat: Rise and Early Development 825 Consequences of Conquest: The Second Century BCE 895.1 What Was Roman Imperialism? 915.2 Conquests from 200 to 148 bce: Defensive Imperialism 935.3 Conquests from 148 to 133 bce: Conscious Imperialism 955.4 War and Conquest: 133–96 bce 1005.5 Roman Triumphs: Spectacles of Military Victory 1035.6 The Economic, Social, and Political Consequences of the Conquests 1075.7 Cultural Consequences 1156 The Late Republic: The First Century BCE 1216.1 Personal Ambitions and the Civil Wars 1236.2 Toward a New Order 1596.3 Social and Cultural Transformations 169Part II: Rome, Master of the World 1857 The Roman World in 31–28 BCE 1877.1 Actium and its Aftermath 1897.2 Rome and Italy 1947.3 The Provinces 1977.4 Boundaries and Frontiers 2038 Augustus: The Birth of the Imperial Regime: 29 BCE–14 CE 2078.1 The Formation of the Principate 2098.2 The Emperor and his Entourage 2188.3 A Hierarchy of Offices 2248.4 The Army and its Conquests 2308.5 The Administration of the Empire 2378.6 Augustus: Showman and Gamesmaster of Rome 2438.7 Religious Policy 2498.8 The Succession 2549 The Julio-Claudians: The System Under Stress: 14–68 CE 2579.1 Four Personalities: Tiberius, Gaius (Caligula), Claudius, Nero 2599.2 The Institutions and Innovations of the Julio-Claudians 2719.3 Development of the Administration 28510 The Flavians: Consolidating the Imperial Order: 68–96 CE 28910.1 Events and Contenders 29110.2 Interpretations 29310.3 The Flavian Dynasty 29410.4 Domitian and Tyranny: 81–96 ce 30510.5 A Developing Municipal Life and a Changing Society 31110.6 Social Changes 31511 The Antonine Empire: 96–192 CE 31911.1 Italo-Provincial Emperors 32111.2 Italy in Decline, the Provinces Expanding 35011.3 Romanization 36411.4 A Mediterranean Economy 36611.5 The Army 37311.6 Spectacles and the Roman Empire 38211.7 Religious Life 39412 The African and Syrian Emperors: 193–235 CE 40512.1 The Crisis of 193–197 ce 40712.2 Septimius Severus and his Sons 40812.3 Macrinus, Elagabalus, Severus Alexander 42612.4 Provincial Upsurge and the Orientalization of the Empire? 431Part III: Another Roman World: Third to Fifth Century CE 437Introduction to Part III: The Nature of the Times 43813 Equilibrium: 235 CE 43913.1 A Fragile Balance 44113.2 Rome and Italy 44313.3 The Western Provinces 44613.4 The Eastern Provinces 44913.5 Beyond the Limes 45213.6 Balance and Instability 45414 A Disintegrating Order: 235–284 CE 45714.1 Sinking into Crisis: 235–260 ce 45914.2 The Nature and Limits of the Crisis 46214.3 The Reaction of the Imperial Government: 260–284 ce 46715 A Different Order: 284–361 CE 47115.1 Diocletian and the Tetrarchy: 284–305 ce 47315.2 Constantine: 306–337 ce 47715.3 Constantine’s Sons: 337–361 ce 48115.4 Three Emperors and their Achievements 48416 Different Institutions: Reorganization 48516.1 Central Government 48716.2 The Army 49116.3 Territorial Authorities 49616.4 Cities and Municipal Life 49816.5 An Absolute Monarchy 50217 A Different Socio-Economic World: Recovery and State Control 50317.1 The Economic Recovery 50517.2 Society and the State 50917.3 Towns and Villas 51717.4 Expansion and Lifestyles 52118 Between Paganism and Christianity 52318.1 The Fourth-Century ce Renaissance 52518.2 Paganism on the Defensive 52618.3 Judaism between the Empire and the Church 53318.4 Christianity Takes the Offensive 53518.5 Boom and Decline 54319 The End of the Roman World? 54519.1 Julian: 361–363 ce 54719.2 A New Crisis: 364–395 ce 55019.3 The End of Rome? 554Chronological Table 559Glossary 578Guide to Greek and Roman Writers 584Guide to Further Reading 595Index 617

“The fourth edition of this highly successful text retains the virtues of its predecessors while judiciously revising, expanding, and updating the presentation of material. In its new form A History of Rome will continue to provide excellent support for courses in Roman history, culture, and society.”Richard Tarrant, Harvard University “The new edition of this comprehensive and widely-used history of ancient Rome improves an already valuable and authoritative textbook, augmenting the range of maps and illustrations, expanding the historical horizons with additional literary material and discussion of inscriptional evidence, and updating the notes on further reading. The combination of visual material and detailed narrative offers a vivid and multidimensional perspective on the most powerful and enduringly influential of ancient empires.”Alan Bowman, University of Oxford Praise for the third edition: "Edition 3 maintains a good balance betweena general survey and a deeper analysis of Roman history, combining a traditional biographical and factual approach with thematic discussions of socio-political developments and institutions. I highly recommend all the new materials for both personal research and classroom use."Bryn Mawr Classical Review "A History of Rome is a solid textbook. With a strong and topical vision of the city's political, military and cultural history, the empire is brought firmly into the picture."Antiquity