History of Psychiatry

EDWARD SHORTER, PhD, is Hannah Professor in the History of Medicine at the University of Toronto. He is the author of ten books, including the international bestseller The Making of the Modern Family and a two-volume history of psychosomatic illness.

• Preface1 The Birth of Psychiatry viiA World without Psychiatry 1Traditional Asylums 4Heralding the Therapeutic Asylum 8Organizing the Therapeutic Asylum 18Nervous Illness and Nonpsychiatrists 22Toward a Biological Psychiatry 26Romantic Psychiatry 292 The Asylum Era 33  National Traditions 34The Pressure of Numbers 46Why the Increase? 48Redistribution of Illness 49Rising Rate of Psychiatric Illness 53Dead End 653 The First Biological Psychiatry 69   Enter Ideas 69A German Century 71French Disasters 81Anglo-Saxon Laggards 87Degeneration 93The End of the First Biological Psychiatry 99An American Postscript 1094 Nerves 113   Nerves Better than Madness 114The Flight of Madness into the Spa 119Tired Nerves and the Rest Cure 129Neurology Discovers Psychotherapy      1365 The Psychoanalytic Hiatus 145        Freud and His Circle 146The Battle Begins 154American Origins 160The Arrival of the Europeans 166Triumph 170Psychoanalysis and the American Jews 1816 Alternatives 190       Fever Cure and Neurosyphilis 192Early Drugs 196Prolonged Sleep 200Shock and Coma 207Electroshock 218The Lobotomy Adventure 225Social and Community Psychiatry 2297 The Second Biological Psychiatry 239          The Genetic Strand 240The First Drug That Worked 246The Cornucopia 255Neuroscience 262Antipsychiatry 272Return to “the Community” 277The Battle over ECT 2818 From Freud to Prozac 288   Maintaining Market Share 289A Nation Hungers for Psychotherapy 293Science versus Fashion in Diagnosis 295The Decline of Psychoanalysis  305Cosmetic Psychopharmacology 314Why Psychiatry? 325Notes 329                   Index 421

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