Francis Bismans is Professor in Economics and Statistics at the University of Lorraine (BETA). He is also an associate researcher at COEF, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa. He is the author of numerous papers published in peer-reviewed journals and has also published eleven books, the most recent of which is Dynamic Econometrics (2025).Maria do Rosário Grossinho is Professor at the University of Lisbon—ISEG (Lisbon School of Economics and Management). She has contributed to ten books—four as an author and six as an editor—and has published more than fifty articles and book chapters in peer-reviewed scientific journals, lecture notes, and conference proceedings..

• 1. Introduction.- 2. The precursors (From Aristotle to Quételet).- 3. Classicism and mathematics.- 4. Marginalism and general equilibrium.- 5. The first neoclassical synthesis.- 6. The years of formalized High Theory (1914-1940).- 7. Linear economics and mathematics (1911-1940).- 8. The new synthesis of the Great Thirties.- 9. New mathematics and general equilibrium.- 10. Game theory: The mathematics of economics.- 11. Exchanges, market forms and game theory.- 12. Econometrics: The Long March towards autonomy.- 13. Financial theory and mathematics.- 14. Big data and artificial intelligence in economics.