Col Mandeep Singh was commissioned in Air Defence Artillery in 1982, and commanded an Air Defence Group. Singh writes regularly for defence journals on air defence and aerospace matters. He has authored four books on air defence and this book is his first research project with the USI, New Delhi.

• List of Illustrations 7 Acknowledgments 9 Prologue 11 Abbreviations 13 Introduction 17 1. A Beginning is Made: The First Raisings 29 2. Hong Kong-Singapore Royal Artillery:The First Experience with Anti-Aircraft Artillery 39 3. Baptism: The Campaign in Malaya, 1941-1942 46 4. Retreat from Burma, 1941-1942 72 5. Defending the Homeland 93 6. Prelude to the Return to Burma 125 7. Back to Burma 135 8. Other Theatres and Lesser Campaigns 157 9. After the War 167 Conclusion 176 Epilogue 189 Appendices 1. Japanese Air Forces and Air Tactics 193 2. Anti-Aircraft Guns 198 3. Light AA/Anti-Tank Regiments 201 4. Raising of Indian Air Defence Units 205 5. Composition of Indian AA Regiments 1940-1945 212 6. Indian AA Order of Battle 215 7. Honours and Awards 221 8. Disbandment of AA Units 225 Bibliography 227 Index 235

Col Mandeep Singh was commissioned in Air Defence Artillery in 1982, and commanded an Air Defence Group. Singh writes regularly for defence journals on air defence and aerospace matters. He has authored four books on air defence and this book is his first research project with the USI, New Delhi.

• List of Illustrations 7 Acknowledgments 9 Prologue 11 Abbreviations 13 Introduction 17 1. A Beginning is Made: The First Raisings 29 2. Hong Kong-Singapore Royal Artillery:The First Experience with Anti-Aircraft Artillery 39 3. Baptism: The Campaign in Malaya, 1941-1942 46 4. Retreat from Burma, 1941-1942 72 5. Defending the Homeland 93 6. Prelude to the Return to Burma 125 7. Back to Burma 135 8. Other Theatres and Lesser Campaigns 157 9. After the War 167 Conclusion 176 Epilogue 189 Appendices 1. Japanese Air Forces and Air Tactics 193 2. Anti-Aircraft Guns 198 3. Light AA/Anti-Tank Regiments 201 4. Raising of Indian Air Defence Units 205 5. Composition of Indian AA Regiments 1940-1945 212 6. Indian AA Order of Battle 215 7. Honours and Awards 221 8. Disbandment of AA Units 225 Bibliography 227 Index 235

Col Mandeep Singh was commissioned in Air Defence Artillery in 1982, and commanded an Air Defence Group. Singh writes regularly for defence journals on air defence and aerospace matters. He has authored four books on air defence and this book is his first research project with the USI, New Delhi.

• List of Illustrations 7 Acknowledgments 9 Prologue 11 Abbreviations 13 Introduction 17 1. A Beginning is Made: The First Raisings 29 2. Hong Kong-Singapore Royal Artillery:The First Experience with Anti-Aircraft Artillery 39 3. Baptism: The Campaign in Malaya, 1941-1942 46 4. Retreat from Burma, 1941-1942 72 5. Defending the Homeland 93 6. Prelude to the Return to Burma 125 7. Back to Burma 135 8. Other Theatres and Lesser Campaigns 157 9. After the War 167 Conclusion 176 Epilogue 189 Appendices 1. Japanese Air Forces and Air Tactics 193 2. Anti-Aircraft Guns 198 3. Light AA/Anti-Tank Regiments 201 4. Raising of Indian Air Defence Units 205 5. Composition of Indian AA Regiments 1940-1945 212 6. Indian AA Order of Battle 215 7. Honours and Awards 221 8. Disbandment of AA Units 225 Bibliography 227 Index 235