R. SHANE TUBBS, Professor, Chief Scientific Officer and Vice President, Seattle Science Foundation, USA MOHAMMADALI M. SHOJA, practices in the Tabriz University Neuroscience Institute, Iran. MARIOS LOUKAS, Dean of Basic Sciences and Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada. PAUL AGUTTER, Director of the Theoretical Medicine and Biology Group, Glossop, UK.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Africa 11.1 Egypt 21.1.1 The Edwin Smith Papyrus 21.1.2 The Ebers Papyrus 21.1.3 The Kahun Papyrus 31.1.4 Egyptian Anatomy in General 31.1.5 Neurological Anatomy 41.1.6 Cardiovascular Anatomy 61.1.7 Reproductive Anatomy 61.2 Algeria 71.2.1 Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard 7Bibliography 112 Asia 132.1 China 132.1.1 Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Medicine 142.1.2 Hua Tuo 172.1.3 Conclusion 192.2 Japan 192.2.1 Feudal Japan (1186–1868) 192.2.2 Shinnin Kawaguchi 232.2.3 Genpaku Sugita 242.2.4 Ryotaku Maeno 252.2.5 Shoteki Fuseya 272.2.6 Otsuki Gentaku 272.2.7 Koji Harada and Ryoetsu Hoshino 282.2.8 Human Dissection 282.2.9 Seishu Hanaoka 292.2.10 Buntaro Adachi 312.2.11 Sunao Tawara 362.3 India 392.3.1 Sushruta 39Bibliography 443 Europe 493.1 Austria 503.1.1 Heinrich Obersteiner 503.1.2 Emil Zuckerkandl 553.2 Czechoslovakia 593.2.1 Vincent Alexander Bochdalek 593.3 England 623.3.1 Richard Lower 633.3.2 John Browne 713.3.3 James Drake 753.3.4 Francis Sibson 813.3.5 William Turner 873.4 France 903.4.1 Jacobus Sylvius 903.4.2 Charles Estienne 943.4.3 Raymond de Vieussens 963.4.4 Pierre Dionis 983.4.5 Félix Vicq d’Azyr 1013.4.6 Marie‐François Xavier Bichat 1053.4.7 François Magendie 1093.4.8 Jules Germain Cloquet 1143.4.9 Augusta Déjerine‐Klumpke 1203.5 Germany 1223.5.1 Adam Christian Thebesius 1223.5.2 Franz Kaspar Hesselbach 1253.5.3 Hubert von Luschka 1283.5.4 Adolf Wallenberg 1323.5.5 Korbinian Brodmann 1353.6 Greece 1413.6.1 Aristotle 1413.6.2 Galen 1453.6.3 Polybus 1473.7 Holland 1483.7.1 Franciscus Sylvius 1493.7.2 Niels Stensen 1503.7.3 Pieter Camper 1543.8 Ireland 1603.8.1 Abraham Colles 1603.9 Italy 1643.9.1 Leonardo da Vinci 1653.9.2 Vidus Vidius (Guido Guidi) 1673.9.3 Giambattista Canano 1703.9.4 Matteo Realdo Colombo 1723.9.5 Costanzo Varolio (Constantius Varolius) 1743.9.6 Giulio Cesare Casseri 1763.9.7 Giovanni Maria Lancisi 1803.9.8 Giovanni Battista Morgagni 1883.9.9 Ruggero Ferdinando Antonio Guiseppe Vincenzo Oddi 1923.10 Norway 1963.10.1 Johan Georg Ræder 1963.11 Scotland 2003.11.1 Andrew Fyfe the Elder 2003.11.2 Sir John Struthers 2043.11.3 Charles Bell 2083.12 Spain 2133.12.1 Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós 2133.13 Sweden 2163.13.1 Emanuel Swedenborg 2163.14 Switzerland 2193.14.1 Wilhelm His Senior 2193.14.2 Wilhelm His Junior 221Bibliography 2224 Middle East 2514.1 Anatomy in the Bible and Talmud 2514.1.1 Neuroanatomy 2514.1.2 General Anatomy 2554.2 Anatomy in the Qur’an and Hadeeth 2564.2.1 History of the Qur’an and Hadeeth 2574.2.2 The Cardiovascular System 2574.2.3 Contributions to Medicine 2584.3 Persia 2594.3.1 Following the Establishment of the Persian Empire (Sixth to Seventh Century CE) 2594.3.2 Abu Zakariya Yuhanna ibn Masawaih, Mesue 2624.3.3 Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al‐Tabari 2624.3.4 Abubakr Muhammad Ibn Zakaria Razi, Rhazes 2624.3.5 Abubakr Rabi ibn Ahmad Joveini Bukhari 2634.3.6 Ali ibn Abbas al‐Majusi, Hally Abbas 2644.3.7 Abu Ali al‐Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, Avicenna 2654.3.8 Zinn‐ol‐Abedin Seyed Esmail ibn al‐Hussain ibn Mohammad ibn Ahmad al‐Jorjani, Hakim Jorjani 2674.4 From the Mongol Invasion of Persia to the Foundations of Modern Anatomy 2684.4.1 Nasir al‐Din Tusi 2684.4.2 Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ilyas, Ibn Ilyas 2694.4.3 The Safavid Period (1501–1722 CE) and the Reconciliation of Prophetic and Galenic Traditions 2744.5 Baghdad 2754.5.1 Ibn Jazlah 275Bibliography 2775 North America 2855.1 United States 2855.1.1 Henry Jacob Bigelow 2855.1.2 Oliver Wendell Holmes 288Bibliography 295Index 297

R. SHANE TUBBS, Professor, Chief Scientific Officer and Vice President, Seattle Science Foundation, USA MOHAMMADALI M. SHOJA, practices in the Tabriz University Neuroscience Institute, Iran. MARIOS LOUKAS, Dean of Basic Sciences and Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada. PAUL AGUTTER, Director of the Theoretical Medicine and Biology Group, Glossop, UK.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Africa 11.1 Egypt 21.1.1 The Edwin Smith Papyrus 21.1.2 The Ebers Papyrus 21.1.3 The Kahun Papyrus 31.1.4 Egyptian Anatomy in General 31.1.5 Neurological Anatomy 41.1.6 Cardiovascular Anatomy 61.1.7 Reproductive Anatomy 61.2 Algeria 71.2.1 Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard 7Bibliography 112 Asia 132.1 China 132.1.1 Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Medicine 142.1.2 Hua Tuo 172.1.3 Conclusion 192.2 Japan 192.2.1 Feudal Japan (1186–1868) 192.2.2 Shinnin Kawaguchi 232.2.3 Genpaku Sugita 242.2.4 Ryotaku Maeno 252.2.5 Shoteki Fuseya 272.2.6 Otsuki Gentaku 272.2.7 Koji Harada and Ryoetsu Hoshino 282.2.8 Human Dissection 282.2.9 Seishu Hanaoka 292.2.10 Buntaro Adachi 312.2.11 Sunao Tawara 362.3 India 392.3.1 Sushruta 39Bibliography 443 Europe 493.1 Austria 503.1.1 Heinrich Obersteiner 503.1.2 Emil Zuckerkandl 553.2 Czechoslovakia 593.2.1 Vincent Alexander Bochdalek 593.3 England 623.3.1 Richard Lower 633.3.2 John Browne 713.3.3 James Drake 753.3.4 Francis Sibson 813.3.5 William Turner 873.4 France 903.4.1 Jacobus Sylvius 903.4.2 Charles Estienne 943.4.3 Raymond de Vieussens 963.4.4 Pierre Dionis 983.4.5 Félix Vicq d’Azyr 1013.4.6 Marie‐François Xavier Bichat 1053.4.7 François Magendie 1093.4.8 Jules Germain Cloquet 1143.4.9 Augusta Déjerine‐Klumpke 1203.5 Germany 1223.5.1 Adam Christian Thebesius 1223.5.2 Franz Kaspar Hesselbach 1253.5.3 Hubert von Luschka 1283.5.4 Adolf Wallenberg 1323.5.5 Korbinian Brodmann 1353.6 Greece 1413.6.1 Aristotle 1413.6.2 Galen 1453.6.3 Polybus 1473.7 Holland 1483.7.1 Franciscus Sylvius 1493.7.2 Niels Stensen 1503.7.3 Pieter Camper 1543.8 Ireland 1603.8.1 Abraham Colles 1603.9 Italy 1643.9.1 Leonardo da Vinci 1653.9.2 Vidus Vidius (Guido Guidi) 1673.9.3 Giambattista Canano 1703.9.4 Matteo Realdo Colombo 1723.9.5 Costanzo Varolio (Constantius Varolius) 1743.9.6 Giulio Cesare Casseri 1763.9.7 Giovanni Maria Lancisi 1803.9.8 Giovanni Battista Morgagni 1883.9.9 Ruggero Ferdinando Antonio Guiseppe Vincenzo Oddi 1923.10 Norway 1963.10.1 Johan Georg Ræder 1963.11 Scotland 2003.11.1 Andrew Fyfe the Elder 2003.11.2 Sir John Struthers 2043.11.3 Charles Bell 2083.12 Spain 2133.12.1 Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós 2133.13 Sweden 2163.13.1 Emanuel Swedenborg 2163.14 Switzerland 2193.14.1 Wilhelm His Senior 2193.14.2 Wilhelm His Junior 221Bibliography 2224 Middle East 2514.1 Anatomy in the Bible and Talmud 2514.1.1 Neuroanatomy 2514.1.2 General Anatomy 2554.2 Anatomy in the Qur’an and Hadeeth 2564.2.1 History of the Qur’an and Hadeeth 2574.2.2 The Cardiovascular System 2574.2.3 Contributions to Medicine 2584.3 Persia 2594.3.1 Following the Establishment of the Persian Empire (Sixth to Seventh Century CE) 2594.3.2 Abu Zakariya Yuhanna ibn Masawaih, Mesue 2624.3.3 Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al‐Tabari 2624.3.4 Abubakr Muhammad Ibn Zakaria Razi, Rhazes 2624.3.5 Abubakr Rabi ibn Ahmad Joveini Bukhari 2634.3.6 Ali ibn Abbas al‐Majusi, Hally Abbas 2644.3.7 Abu Ali al‐Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, Avicenna 2654.3.8 Zinn‐ol‐Abedin Seyed Esmail ibn al‐Hussain ibn Mohammad ibn Ahmad al‐Jorjani, Hakim Jorjani 2674.4 From the Mongol Invasion of Persia to the Foundations of Modern Anatomy 2684.4.1 Nasir al‐Din Tusi 2684.4.2 Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ilyas, Ibn Ilyas 2694.4.3 The Safavid Period (1501–1722 CE) and the Reconciliation of Prophetic and Galenic Traditions 2744.5 Baghdad 2754.5.1 Ibn Jazlah 275Bibliography 2775 North America 2855.1 United States 2855.1.1 Henry Jacob Bigelow 2855.1.2 Oliver Wendell Holmes 288Bibliography 295Index 297

R. SHANE TUBBS, Professor, Chief Scientific Officer and Vice President, Seattle Science Foundation, USA MOHAMMADALI M. SHOJA, practices in the Tabriz University Neuroscience Institute, Iran. MARIOS LOUKAS, Dean of Basic Sciences and Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada. PAUL AGUTTER, Director of the Theoretical Medicine and Biology Group, Glossop, UK.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Africa 11.1 Egypt 21.1.1 The Edwin Smith Papyrus 21.1.2 The Ebers Papyrus 21.1.3 The Kahun Papyrus 31.1.4 Egyptian Anatomy in General 31.1.5 Neurological Anatomy 41.1.6 Cardiovascular Anatomy 61.1.7 Reproductive Anatomy 61.2 Algeria 71.2.1 Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard 7Bibliography 112 Asia 132.1 China 132.1.1 Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Medicine 142.1.2 Hua Tuo 172.1.3 Conclusion 192.2 Japan 192.2.1 Feudal Japan (1186–1868) 192.2.2 Shinnin Kawaguchi 232.2.3 Genpaku Sugita 242.2.4 Ryotaku Maeno 252.2.5 Shoteki Fuseya 272.2.6 Otsuki Gentaku 272.2.7 Koji Harada and Ryoetsu Hoshino 282.2.8 Human Dissection 282.2.9 Seishu Hanaoka 292.2.10 Buntaro Adachi 312.2.11 Sunao Tawara 362.3 India 392.3.1 Sushruta 39Bibliography 443 Europe 493.1 Austria 503.1.1 Heinrich Obersteiner 503.1.2 Emil Zuckerkandl 553.2 Czechoslovakia 593.2.1 Vincent Alexander Bochdalek 593.3 England 623.3.1 Richard Lower 633.3.2 John Browne 713.3.3 James Drake 753.3.4 Francis Sibson 813.3.5 William Turner 873.4 France 903.4.1 Jacobus Sylvius 903.4.2 Charles Estienne 943.4.3 Raymond de Vieussens 963.4.4 Pierre Dionis 983.4.5 Félix Vicq d’Azyr 1013.4.6 Marie‐François Xavier Bichat 1053.4.7 François Magendie 1093.4.8 Jules Germain Cloquet 1143.4.9 Augusta Déjerine‐Klumpke 1203.5 Germany 1223.5.1 Adam Christian Thebesius 1223.5.2 Franz Kaspar Hesselbach 1253.5.3 Hubert von Luschka 1283.5.4 Adolf Wallenberg 1323.5.5 Korbinian Brodmann 1353.6 Greece 1413.6.1 Aristotle 1413.6.2 Galen 1453.6.3 Polybus 1473.7 Holland 1483.7.1 Franciscus Sylvius 1493.7.2 Niels Stensen 1503.7.3 Pieter Camper 1543.8 Ireland 1603.8.1 Abraham Colles 1603.9 Italy 1643.9.1 Leonardo da Vinci 1653.9.2 Vidus Vidius (Guido Guidi) 1673.9.3 Giambattista Canano 1703.9.4 Matteo Realdo Colombo 1723.9.5 Costanzo Varolio (Constantius Varolius) 1743.9.6 Giulio Cesare Casseri 1763.9.7 Giovanni Maria Lancisi 1803.9.8 Giovanni Battista Morgagni 1883.9.9 Ruggero Ferdinando Antonio Guiseppe Vincenzo Oddi 1923.10 Norway 1963.10.1 Johan Georg Ræder 1963.11 Scotland 2003.11.1 Andrew Fyfe the Elder 2003.11.2 Sir John Struthers 2043.11.3 Charles Bell 2083.12 Spain 2133.12.1 Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós 2133.13 Sweden 2163.13.1 Emanuel Swedenborg 2163.14 Switzerland 2193.14.1 Wilhelm His Senior 2193.14.2 Wilhelm His Junior 221Bibliography 2224 Middle East 2514.1 Anatomy in the Bible and Talmud 2514.1.1 Neuroanatomy 2514.1.2 General Anatomy 2554.2 Anatomy in the Qur’an and Hadeeth 2564.2.1 History of the Qur’an and Hadeeth 2574.2.2 The Cardiovascular System 2574.2.3 Contributions to Medicine 2584.3 Persia 2594.3.1 Following the Establishment of the Persian Empire (Sixth to Seventh Century CE) 2594.3.2 Abu Zakariya Yuhanna ibn Masawaih, Mesue 2624.3.3 Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al‐Tabari 2624.3.4 Abubakr Muhammad Ibn Zakaria Razi, Rhazes 2624.3.5 Abubakr Rabi ibn Ahmad Joveini Bukhari 2634.3.6 Ali ibn Abbas al‐Majusi, Hally Abbas 2644.3.7 Abu Ali al‐Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, Avicenna 2654.3.8 Zinn‐ol‐Abedin Seyed Esmail ibn al‐Hussain ibn Mohammad ibn Ahmad al‐Jorjani, Hakim Jorjani 2674.4 From the Mongol Invasion of Persia to the Foundations of Modern Anatomy 2684.4.1 Nasir al‐Din Tusi 2684.4.2 Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ilyas, Ibn Ilyas 2694.4.3 The Safavid Period (1501–1722 CE) and the Reconciliation of Prophetic and Galenic Traditions 2744.5 Baghdad 2754.5.1 Ibn Jazlah 275Bibliography 2775 North America 2855.1 United States 2855.1.1 Henry Jacob Bigelow 2855.1.2 Oliver Wendell Holmes 288Bibliography 295Index 297