Himalaya: Dynamics of a Giant, Tectonic Units and Structure of the Himalaya

Rodolphe Cattin is a professor at the University of Montpellier, France. His activities performed in the Himalaya are on crustal structure imaging from ground and satellite observations, river dynamics and stress transfer associated with seismic events and surface processes.Jean-Luc Epard obtained his PhD from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland (structural and Alpine geology) in 1990. He has been involved in 14 field expeditions in the Himalaya as participant or leader. His main area of expertise is the Mandi-Manali-Leh transect (India).

• Tributes xiEduardo GARZANTI, Vincent GODARD, Rodolphe CATTIN, György HETÉNYI, Jean-Luc EPARD and Martin ROBYRForeword xviiRodolphe CATTIN and Jean-Luc EPARDPreface From Research to Education: The Example of the Seismology at School in Nepal Program xixGyörgy HETÉNYI and Shiba SUBEDIPart 1 Surface Process 1Chapter 1 Orogenesis and Climate 3Frédéric FLUTEAU, Delphine TARDIF, Anta-Clarisse SARR, Guillaume LE HIR and Yannick DONNADIEU1.1 Introduction 31.2.Climate in Asia: present and past 41.2.1.Present-dayclimate 41.2.2.Cenozoic climate evolution 71.3 Reconstructing the paleo-elevation of landforms 101.4.The contribution of climate modeling 121.4.1 Impact of orogenesis on the atmospheric circulation 131.4.2 Impact of orogenesis on the ocean circulation 181.4.3 Impact of orogenesis on the chemical composition of the atmosphere 201.5.Conclusion 211.6.References 23Chapter 2 Eroding the Himalaya: Processes, Evolution, Implications 29Vincent GODARD, Mikaël ATTAL, Saptarshi DEY, Maarten LUPKER and Rasmus C THIEDE2.1 Introduction 292.2.Main process domains in the Himalaya 302.2.1.Himalayan rivers 302.2.2.The glaciated High Range 352.2.3 Critical hillslopes 362.3 Extreme events and their contribution to denudation 372.4 1-10 ka timescale and climatic oscillations 392.5 Impact of long-term tectonic and climatic evolution over several Ma 422.6 Out of the Himalaya: sediment transport and storage from the range to the sedimentary basin 452.7 Conclusion 482.8 References 49Part 2 Natural Hazards 55Chapter 3 Glaciers and Glacier Lake Outburst Floods in the Himalaya 57Christoff ANDERMANN, Santosh NEPAL, Patrick WAGNON, Georg VEH, Sudan Bikash MAHARJAN, Mohd Farooq AZAM, Fanny BRUN and Wolfgang SCHWANGHART3.1 Introduction 573.2 Glaciers and their future 613.2.1 The present state of glaciers at a regional scale 613.2.2 On the interest of monitoring glaciers 643.2.3.What will happen to the Himalayan glaciers and Karakoram glaciers? 653.3 Glacier lakes 663.3.1 Formation and present distribution of glacier lakes in the Himalaya 663.3.2 Historic changes of glacier lake abundance and size 693.3.3.Projections of future glacier lakes 713.4 Glacial lake outburst floods and downstream propagation 723.4.1.GLOF triggers 723.4.2 Dam breach 743.4.3.Flood propagation 753.4.4.Early warning 773.5.Consequences and impact 793.6.Role in landscape formation 813.7.Conclusion 833.8.References 83Chapter 4 Landsliding in the Himalaya: Causes and Consequences 95Odin MARC, Kaushal GNYAWALI, Wolfgang SCHWANGHART and Monique FORT4.1 Introduction 954.2 Understanding landsliding and their links to the dynamics of the Himalayan range 964.2.1 Preliminary notions on the mechanics of landsliding 964.2.2 Seasonal landsliding caused by monsoons and extreme rainfall 994.2.3 Landslide induced by earthquakes and other exceptional perturbations 1024.2.4.Giant and paleo-landslides 1064.3.Landslides within Himalayan society 1104.3.1 Hazard cascades and their societal impact 1104.3.2 Human activities as an additional trigger of landslides 1114.3.3 Potential for mitigation 1144.3.4 Climate change and future landsliding 1174.4 Conclusion 1184.5 References 119Chapter 5 Himalayan Surface Rupturing Earthquakes 131Laurent BOLLINGER, Matthieu FERRY, Romain LE ROUX-MALLOUF, Jérôme VAN DER WOERD and Yann KLINGER5.1 Introduction 1315.2 The large devastating earthquakes in the Himalaya 1335.2.1 Historical chronicles and earthquakes 1335.2.2 Strong instrumental earthquakes 1355.3 Surface expression of the seismic deformation in the landscape and within paleoseismological excavations 1385.3.1 In the mesoseismal trace of the 1934 earthquake 1385.3.2 In the mesoseismal trace of the 1714 earthquake in Bhutan 1425.3.3 In the mesoseismal trace of the 1950 earthquake 1455.4 Overview of the paleoseismological excavations along the Himalayanarc 1475.5 Abandoned alluvial terraces, an archive of the paleoearthquakes 1495.6.Conclusion 1515.7.References 151Chapter 6 Seismic Coupling and Hazard Assessment of the Himalaya 155Sylvain MICHEL, Victoria STEVENS, Luca DAL ZILIO and Romain JOLIVET6.1 Introduction 1556.2 From current ground motion to the buildup of slip deficit at depth 1586.2.1 Geodetic observations of the interseismic period 1606.2.2 Inferring coupling along the MHT with a Bayesian analysis 1606.2.3 Interseismic coupling distribution 1626.2.4 Discussion 1646.3 Seismic potential of the MHT 1676.3.1 Conservation of the seismicmoment 1676.3.2 Magnitude-frequency distribution in the Himalaya 1696.3.3 Including the physics of fault slip in seismic hazard 1726.3.4.Seismic potential of the MHT 1736.4 Seismic hazard in the Himalaya 1756.4.1 Ground motion prediction equations and Vs30 1766.4.2 Modeling scenario events 1776.4.3 Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment 1806.4.4 From hazard to risk 1836.5 Conclusion 1846.6 References 184Part 3 Focus 191Chapter 7 Recent and Present Deformation of the Western Himalaya 193François JOUANNE, Jean-Louis MUGNIER, Riccardo VASSALLO, Naveed MUNAWAR, Awais AHMED, Adnan Alam AWAN, Manzoor A MALIK and Ramperu JAYANGONDAPERUMAL7.1 Introduction 1937.2.Structural styles and tectonic prismmodel 1957.2.1.The main structural zones 1957.2.2 The Himalaya in the west of the syntax 1957.2.3 The Himalaya of the Jammu-Kashmir area 1987.2.4 A structural evolution in agreement with the tectonic prismmodel 1997.3 Out-of-sequence deformation in the western Himalayan syntax 2017.3.1 Quaternary out-of-sequence activity of the NW Himalayan thrusts 2017.3.2 Out-of-sequence seismological and paleoseismological activity in the NW Himalaya 2057.4 Deformation associated with a ductile décollement, not always aseismic 2087.4.1 Seismic coupling assessment along the MHT 2087.4.2 Occurrence of ruptures on asperities 2097.4.3 Transition between thin-skin and thick-skin tectonics 2117.5.Conclusion 2127.6.References 213Chapter 8 The 2015 April 25 Gorkha Earthquake 217Laurent BOLLINGER, Lok Bijaya ADHIKARI, Jérôme VERGNE, György HETÉNYI and Shiba SUBEDI8.1 Introduction 2178.2 The main shock and its effects on the ground 2198.2.1 Overview description of the main shock 2198.2.2 Ground motion and deformation 2218.3 Investigating the seismic source at depth 2228.4.Aftershock activity and post-seismic relaxation 2258.4.1 Early aftershocks and the occurrence of the Kodari earthquake 2258.4.2 Seismicity monitored by denser, dedicated temporary networks 2268.4.3 Post-seismic relaxation monitored by geodetic and seismological networks 2298.5 A more earthquake-informed and earthquake-resilient local community in the aftermath of the earthquake 2318.6.Conclusion 2328.7.References 233Chapter 9 Crustal Fluids in the Nepal Himalaya and Sensitivity to the Earthquake Cycle 239Frédéric GIRAULT, Christian FRANCE-LANORD, Lok Bijaya ADHIKARI, Bishal Nath UPRETI, Kabi Raj PAUDYAL, Ananta Prasad GAJUREL, Pierre AGRINIER, Rémi LOSNO, Chiara GROPPO, Franco ROLFO, Sandeep THAPA, Shashi TAMANG and Frédéric PERRIER9.1 Introduction 2399.2 Overview of thermal springs geochemistry in Nepal 2409.3 Overview of gaseous emission zones in Nepal 2499.4.Spatial organization of crustal fluid release 2539.5 Temporal variations of crustal fluid release: a tectonic control 2569.6 Conclusion 2609.7 References 261Conclusion 267Rodolphe CATTIN and Jean-Luc EPARDList of Authors 269Index 275Summaries of other volumes 279