High Performance Polymers and Their Nanocomposites

Visakh P.M. (MSc, MPhil, PhD) is a prolific editor with more than 25 books already published. He is working as an Assistant Professor in Tusur University, Tomsk, Russia. He obtained his PhD, MPhil and MSc degrees from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. He has an h-index of 14 for his journal publications. His research interests include polymer sciences, polymer nanocomposites, bio-nanocomposites, rubber-based nanocomposites and fire-retardant polymers. Artem Semkin is currently working as a scientist in the Department of Microwave and Quantum Radio Engineering, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk, Russia. He obtained his PhD from Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics and has published more than 80 publications with an h-index of 6. His areas of research include polymer sciences, photopolymers, liquid crystals, photopolymeric and liquid crystalline compositions.

• Preface xv1 High-Performance Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Applications: State of Art and New Challenges 1PM Visakh1.1 Liquid Crystal Polymers 11.2 Polyamide 4, 6, (PA4,6) 31.3 Polyacrylamide 41.4 Effect of Nanostructured Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxone on High Performance Poly(urethane-Imide) 51.5 Thermoplastic Polyimide 51.6 Performance Properties and Applications of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 71.7 Advances in High-Performance Polymers Bearing Phthalazinone Moieties 91.8 Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)—PET and Poly(ethylene Naphthalate)—PEN 111.9 High-Performance Oil Resistant Blends of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) and Epoxydized Natural Rubber (ENR) 141.10 High Performance Unsaturated Polyester/f-MWCNTs Nanocomposites Induced by F- Graphene Nanoplatelets 152 Liquid Crystal Polymers 27Andreea Irina Barzic, Raluca Marinica Albu and Luminita Ioana Buruiana 2.1 Introduction and History 272.2 Polymerization 292.2.1 Synthesis of Lyotropic LC Polymers 302.2.2 Synthesis of Thermotropic LC Polymers 312.3 Properties 322.3.1 Rheology 322.3.2 Dielectric Behavior 352.3.3 Magnetic Properties 362.3.4 Mechanical Properties 362.3.5 Phases and Morphology 392.4 Processing 412.4.1 Injection Molding 412.4.2 Extrusion 422.4.3 Free Surface Flow 432.4.4 LC Polymer Fiber Spinning 442.5 Blends Based on Liquid Crystal Ppolymers 442.6 Composites of Liquid Crystal Polymers 462.7 Applications 492.7.1 LC Polymers as Optoelectronic Materials 492.7.2 Liquid Crystalline Polymers in Displays 502.7.3 Sensors and Actuators 512.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling 522.9 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends 54Acknowledgment 543 Polyamide 4,6, (PA4,6) 59Emel Kuram and Zeynep Munteha Sahin3.1 Introduction and History 593.2 Polymerization and Fabrication 603.3 Properties 693.4 Chemical Stability 723.5 Compounding and Special Additives 723.6 Processing 733.7 Applications 833.8 Blends of Polyamide 4,6, (PA4,6) 843.9 Composites of Polyamide 4,6, (PA4,6) 893.10 Nanocomposites of Polyamide 4,6, (PA4,6) 903.11 Environmental Impact and Recycling 943.12 Conclusions 984 Polyacrylamide (PAM) 105Małgorzata Wiśniewska4.1 Introduction and History 1054.2 Polymerization and Fabrication 1074.3 Properties 1104.4 Chemical Stability 1114.5 Compounding and Special Additives  1124.6 Processing  1134.7 Applications  1144.8 Blends of Polyacrylamide  1164.9 Composites of Polyacrylamide  1184.10 Nanocomposites of Polyacrylamide  1194.11 Environmental Impact and Recycling  1214.12 Conclusions  1225 Effect of Nanostructured Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxone on High Performance Poly(urethane-imide) 133Dhorali Gnanasekaran5.1 Introduction 1345.2 Experimental 1365.3 Results and Discussion 1385.4 Conclusions 1456 Thermoplastic Polyimide (TPI) 149Xiantao Feng and Jialei Liu6.1 Introduction and History 1496.2 Polymerization and Fabrication 1506.2.1 Thermoplastic Polyimides Based on BEPA 1506.2.2 Thermoplastic Polyimides based on PMDA 1536.2.3 Thermoplastic Polyimides Based on BTDA 1546.2.4 Thermoplastic Polyimides Based on ODPA 1576.2.5 Thermoplastic Polyimides Based on BPDA 1576.2.6 Thermoplastic Copolyimides 1586.3 Properties 1606.3.1 TPI Based on BEPA 1606.3.2 Thermoplastic Polyimides based on PMDA 1636.3.3 TPI Based on ODPA 1636.3.4 Thermoplastic Polyimides Based on BPDA 1686.3.5 Thermoplastic Copolyimides 1706.4 Chemical Stability 1706.4.1 Hydrolytic Stability 1706.4.2 Oxidative Stability 1746.5 Compounding 1756.5.1 Chloromethylation 1756.5.2 Sulfonation 1786.5.3 Phosphorylation 1786.5.4 Bromination 1786.5.5 Arylation 1816.6 Processing 1816.6.1 Injection Molding 1816.6.2 Compression Molding 1826.6.3 Extrusion Molding 1846.6.4 Coating 1846.6.5 Spinning [40] 1866.7 Applications 1866.7.1 Membranes 1866.7.2 Adhesives 1886.7.3 Composites 1896.7.3.1 Skybond 1906.7.4 Engineering Plastics 1906.7.4.1 VESPEL Plastics 1906.7.4.2 ULTEM Plastics [48, 49] 1916.7.4.3 AURUM Plastics [50] 1926.7.4.3 Ratem Plastics [51] 1926.8 Blends of Thermoplastic Polyimide (TPI) 1936.8.1 TPI Blends with TPI 1936.8.2 Polyamic Acid Blending 1956.9 Composites of Thermoplastic Polyimide (TPI) 1966.9.1 LaRC Composites 1976.9.2 Skybond 2026.9.3 PAI Polyamide–Imide Composites 2056.10 Nanocomposites of Thermoplastic Polyimide (TPI) 2086.10.1 TPI/silver Nanocomposite 2086.10.2 TPI/Fe-FeO Nanocomposite 2106.10.3 TPI/Carbon Nanocomposites 2116.10.4 TPI/CF/TiO2 Nanocomposite 2146.11 Environmental Impact and Recycling 2146.12 Conclusions 2157 Performance Properties and Applications of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) – A Review 221E. Dhanumalayan and Girish M Joshi7.1 Introduction 2217.2 Properties of PTFE 2237.2.1 Physical Properties of PTFE 223Surface Properties 2237.2.2 Tribological Property of PTFE Surface 2247.2.3 Mechanical Properties of PTFE 2267.2.4 Chemical Properties of PTFE 228Solubility of PTFE 2287.2.5 Thermal Properties of PTFE 228Thermal transport property of PTFE composites 2297.2.6 Electrical Properties of PTFE 229Dielectric property of PTFE 2297.2.7 Optical and Spectral Properties of PTFE 2307.3 Processing and Casting Techniques of PTFE 2317.3.1 Casting of PTFE by Melt-Processing Method 2327.3.2 Sintering of PTFE 2337.3.3 Molding Techniques of PTFE 2337.3.4 Casting of PTFE by Extrusion 2367.3.5 Solution Blending of PTFE 2377.3.6 PTFE Coating Methods 2387.4 Applications of PTFE in Various Fields 2387.4.1 PTFE in Automotive Industries 2387.4.2 PTFE in Petrochemical and Power Industries 2397.4.3 PTFE in Aerospace Industries 2407.4.4 PTFE in Food Processing Industries 2417.4.5 PTFE Applications in Chemical Industries 2427.4.6 PTFE in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical  Applications 2427.4.7 PTFE in Electrical Applications 2437.4.8 PTFE for Defense Applications 2437.4.9 Application of PTFE Ice-Phobic Surfaces 2437.4.10 Application of PTFE in Water and Air Purification Process 2447.5 Different Forms of PTFE 2447.5.1 Fine Powder of PTFE for Foaming Applications 2447.5.2 Granular Form of PTFE 2457.5.3 Resin Form of PTFE 2457.5.4 Paste Form of PTFE 2457.5.5 Emulsion Form of PTFE 2467.6 Various Grades of PTFE 2467.6.1 Carbon-Reinforced PTFE 2467.6.2 Glass Fiber-Reinforced PTFE 2477.6.3 Bronze-Filled PTFE Composites 2477.6.4 Graphite Filled PTFE 2487.6.5 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2)-Filled PTFE 2487.7 Nanocomposites of PTFE 2487.8 Future Prospects of PTFE 2547.9 Conclusion 2568 Advances in High-Performance Polymers Bearing Phthalazinone Moieties 267Jinyan Wang, Cheng Liu, Shouhai Zhang and Xigao Jian8.1 Introduction 2688.2 A New Mmonomer: 1, 2-Dihydro-4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2H)-Phthalazinone 2698.3 Synthesis and Properties of Phthalazinone-Containing Polyarylethers 2718.3.1 Poly(phthalazinone Ether Sulfone Ketone)s (PPESKs) 2718.3.2 Poly(phthalazinone Ether Ketone Ketone) (PPEKK) and Its Copolymers 2748.3.3 Poly(phthalazinone Ether Nitrile Sulfone Ketone)s (PPENSKs) 2758.3.4 Poly(aryl Ether) Containing Aryl-S-Triazine and Phthalazinone Moieties 2798.4 Polyamides and Polyimides Containing Phthalazinone Moieties 2858.5 Phthalazinone-Containing Polyarylates 2918.6 Phthalazinone-Containing Ppolybenzimidazole 2928.7 Conclusions and Prospects 293Acknowledgments 2949 Poly(ethylene terephthalate)—PET and Poly(ethylene naphthalate)—PEN 301Luigi Sorrentino, Marco D’ Auria and Eugenio Amendola9.1 Introduction 3029.2 Synthesis of PET and PEN 3049.2.1 PET Production 3129.3 Processing of Neat Polymers 3139.3.1 Materials Feeding 3159.3.2 Melting and Compounding 3169.3.3 Venting 3169.3.4 Metering 3169.3.5 Temperature Managing 3179.3.6 Die Forming and Post-Die Treatments 3179.3.7 Tandem Extruders Cconfiguration 3179.4 Nanocomposites 3189.4.1 Isodimensional Nanoparticles 3199.4.2 Clay Nanoparticles 3219.4.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 3249.5 Nanocomposites Production Processes 3259.5.1 In Situ Polymerization 3269.5.2 Solution Intercalation (Or Solution Blending) 3289.5.3 Direct Mixing 3299.5.4 Melt Compounding (High Shear Mixing) 3309.5.5 Three Roll Milling 3329.5.6 Dispersion Aids (Ultrasounds) 3339.5.7 Solid-State Shear Processing 3359.5.8 Combined Approaches 3369.6 Structural and Functional Properties 3369.6.1 Mechanical Behavior 3379.6.2 Thermal Resistance 3409.6.3 Transport Properties 3419.6.4 Electrical Conductivity 3439.6.5 Rheological Properties 34610 High-Performance Oil-Resistant Blends of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) and Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) 361D.K. Setua and G.B. Nando10.1 Introduction 36210.2 Experimental 36510.3 Result and Discussion 36710.3.1 Optimization of Curing System for the ENR/EPDM Blends 36710.3.2 Optimization of Blend Ratio for the ENR/EPDM Blends 36910.3.3 Optimization of MAH Concentration for Maleation of EPDM 36910.3.4 Characterization of ENR-MA-G-EPDM Blends 37310.3.5 Optimization of Processing Temperature for ENR-MA-G-EPDM Blends 37510.3.6 Compatibility Characteristics of ENR-MA-G-EPDM Blends 37510.3.6.1 Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements in Solution 37510.3.6.2 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) 37710.3.6.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Studies 37810.3.7 Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Individual Rubbers and Blends 37910.3.7.1 Stress–Strain Properties 37910.3.7.2 Determination of Hardness 38210.3.7.3 Oil Swelling Studies 38310.3.7.4 Aging Studies 38510.3.7.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 38610.3.8 Effect of Addition of Carbon Black in ENR/MA-G-EPDM Blend 38810.4 Summary and Conclusions 38811 High-Performance Unsaturated Polyester/f-MWCNTs Nanocomposites Induced by f-Graphene Nanoplatelets 393Shivkumari Panda, Dibakar Behera, Tapan Kumar Bastia and Prasant Rath11.1 Introduction and History 39411.1.1 Polymerization 39411.1.2 Fabrication 39511.1.2.1 Hand Lay-Up 39511.1.2.2 Spray Lay-Up 39711.1.2.3 Compression Molding 39711.1.2.4 Filament Winding 39811.1.3 Chemical Stability of UPE 39811.1.4 Compounding and Special Additives 39811.1.5 Applications 40111.2 Nanocomposites of UPE11.2.1 Experimental Details 40311.2.1.1 Materials 40311.2.1.2 Methods 40311.2.2 Instruments and Measurements 40511.2.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 40511.2.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 40511.2.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 40611.2.2.4 Contact Angle Determination 40611.2.2.5 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 40611.2.2.6 Impact Testing 40611.2.2.7 Water Absorption Capacity Determination 40611.2.3 Results and Discussion 40711.2.3.1 FTIR Analysis 40711.2.3.2 SEM Analysis 40811.2.3.3 TEM Analysis 41011.2.3.4 Contact Angle 41111.2.3.5 Thermomechanical Properties of UPE/Single Filler and UPE/Hybrid Filler Nanocomposites 41211.2.3.6 Water Absorption Capacity 414