High-Performance Materials from Bio-based Feedstocks

EditorsAndrew J. Hunt, PhD, is a Lecturer in Applied Chemistry at the Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.Nontipa Supanchaiyamat, PhD, is a Lecturer in Applied Chemistry at the Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Kaewta Jetsrisuparb, PhD, is a Lecturer in Chemical Engineering in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Jesper T.N. Knijnenburg, PhD, is a Lecturer in Biodiversity and Environmental Management at the International College, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.

• Series Preface xxi1 High-performanceMaterials from Bio-basedFeedstocks: Introduction and Structure of the Book 1Kaewta Jetsrisuparb, Jesper T.N. Knijnenburg, Nontipa Supanchaiyamat and Andrew J. Hunt1.1 Introduction 11.2 High-performance Bio-based Materials and Their Applications 41.2.1 Biomass Constituents 41.2.2 Bioderived Materials 71.3 Structure of the Book 102 Bio-based Carbon Materials for Catalysis 13Chaiyan Chaiya and Sasiradee Jantasee2.1 Introduction 132.2 Biomass Resources for Carbon Materials 142.2.1 Wood from Natural Forests 142.2.2 Agricultural Residues 172.3 Thermochemical Conversion Processes 182.3.1 Carbonization and Pyrolysis 182.3.2 Activation 202.3.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization 232.3.4 Graphene Preparation from Biomass 242.4 Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis 252.5 Catalysis Applications of Selected Bio-based Carbon Materials 262.5.1 Biochar 262.5.2 Modified Biochar 282.5.3 Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon 302.5.4 Hydrothermal Bio-based Carbons 342.5.5 Sugar-Derived Carbon Catalysts 352.5.6 Carbon Nanotubes from Biomass 362.5.7 Graphene and Its Derivatives 372.6 Summary and Future Aspects 373 Starbon®: Novel Template-Free Mesoporous Carbonaceous Materials from Biomass – Synthesis, Functionalisation and Applications in Adsorption, and Catalysis 47Duncan J. Macquarrie, Tabitha H.M. Petchey and Cinthia J. Meña Duran3.1 Introduction 473.2 Choice of Polysaccharide 483.2.1 Synthetic Procedure 493.2.2 Derivatisation 513.2.3 Applications 563.2.4 Adsorption Processes 633.2.5 Conclusion 694 Conversion of Biowastes into Carbon-based Electrodes 73Xiaotong Feng and Qiaosheng Pu4.1 Introduction 734.2 Conversion Techniques of Biowastes 744.2.1 Carbonization 754.2.2 Activation 774.3 Structure and Doping 794.3.1 Biowaste Selection 794.3.2 Structure Control 814.3.3 Heteroatom Doping 834.4 Electrochemical Applications 844.4.1 Supercapacitors 844.4.2 Capacitive Deionization Cells 864.4.3 Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution 884.4.4 Fuel Cells 904.4.5 Lithium-Ion Batteries and Others 944.5 Conclusion and Outlook 955 Bio-based Materials in Electrochemical Applications 105Itziar Iraola-Arregui, Mohammed Aqil, Vera Trabadelo, Ismael Saadoune and Hicham Ben Youcef5.1 Introduction 1055.2 Fundamentals of Bio-based Materials 1065.2.1 Bio-based Polymers 1065.2.2 Carbonaceous Materials from Biological Feedstocks 1085.3 Application of Bio-based Materials in Batteries 1095.3.1 General Concept of Metal-Ion Batteries 1095.4 Application of Bio-based Polymers in Capacitors 1155.4.1 General Concept of Electrochemical Capacitors 1155.4.2 Electrode Materials 1165.5 Alternative Binders for Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Storage 1195.5.1 Polysaccharides and Cellulose-based Binders 1205.5.2 Lignin 1235.6 Application of Bio-basedPolymers in Fuel Cells 1235.6.1 Chitosan 1245.6.2 Other Biopolymers 1255.7 Conclusion and Outlook 1266 Bio-based Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Modifiers 133Wanwan Qu, Sarah Key and Andrew P. Abbott6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Bio-based Materials 1346.2.1 Ionic Liquids 1366.2.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents 1366.2.3 Morphological/Mechanical Modification 1376.2.4 Chemical Modification 1396.2.5 Composite Formation 1416.2.6 Gelation 1436.3 Conclusion 1457 Biopolymer Composites for Recovery of Precious and Rare Earth Metals 151Jesper T.N. Knijnenburg and Kaewta Jetsrisuparb7.1 Introduction 1517.2 Mechanisms of Metal Adsorption 1537.2.1 Silver 1537.2.2 Gold and Platinum Group Metals 1537.2.3 Rare Earth Metals 1547.3 Composite Materials and Their Adsorption 1547.3.1 Cellulose-based Composite Adsorbents 1547.3.2 Chitosan-based Composite Adsorbents 1637.3.3 Alginate-based Adsorbents 1707.3.4 Lignin-based Composite Adsorbents 1737.4 Conclusion and Outlook 1758 Bio-Based Materials in Anti-HIV Drug Delivery 181Oranat Chuchuen and David F. Katz8.1 Introduction 1818.2 Biomedical Strategies for HIV Prophylaxis 1828.3 Properties of Anti-HIV Drug Delivery Systems 1848.4 Bio-based Materials for Anti-HIV Drug Delivery Systems 1858.4.1 Cellulose 1868.4.2 Chitosan 1908.4.3 Polylactic Acid 1918.4.4 Carrageenan 1938.4.5 Alginate 1948.4.6 Hyaluronic Acid 1958.4.7 Pectin 1968.5 Conclusion 1969 Chitin – A Natural Bio-feedstock and Its Derivatives: Chemistry and Properties for Biomedical Applications 207Anu Singh, Shefali Jaiswal, Santosh Kumar and Pradip K. Dutta9.1 Bio-feedstocks 2079.1.1 Chitin 2089.1.2 Chitosan 2089.1.3 Glucan 2099.1.4 Chitin–Glucan Complex 2099.1.5 Polyphenols 2099.2 Synthetic Route 2109.2.1 Isolation of ChGC 2109.2.2 Derivatives of ChGC and Its Modified Polymers 2109.2.3 Preparation of d-Glucosamine from Chitin/Chitosan–Glucan 2129.3 Properties of Chitin, ChGC, and Its Derivatives for Therapeutic Applications 2129.3.1 Antibacterial Activity 2129.3.2 Anticancer Activity 2129.3.3 Antioxidant Activity 2129.3.4 Therapeutic Applications 2139.4 Gene Therapy – A Biomedical Approach 2139.5 Cs: Properties and Factors Affecting Gene Delivery 2149.6 Organic Modifications of Cs Backbone for Enhancing the Properties of Cs Associated with Gene Delivery 2159.6.1 Modification of Cs with Hydrophilic Groups 2159.6.2 Modification in Cs by Hydrophobic Groups 2169.6.3 Modification by Cationic Substituents 2169.6.4 Modification by Target Ligands 2179.7 Multifunctional Modifications of Cs 2189.8 Miscellaneous 2189.9 Conclusion 21810 Carbohydrate-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications 235Chadamas Sakonsinsiri10.1 Introduction 23510.2 Bio-based Glycopolymers 23610.2.1 Chitin and Chitosan 23610.2.2 Cellulose 23810.2.3 Starch 23910.2.4 Dextran 23910.3 Synthetic Carbohydrate-based Functionalized Materials 24010.3.1 Glycomimetics 24010.3.2 Presentation of Glycomimetics in Multivalent Scaffolds 24110.4 Conclusion 24311 Organic Feedstock as Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering 247Poramate Klanrit11.1 Introduction 24711.2 Protein-based Natural Biomaterials 24811.2.1 Silk 24911.2.2 Collagen 24911.2.3 Decellularized Skins 25111.2.4 Fibrin/Fibrinogen 25211.3 Polysaccharide-based Natural Biomaterials 25311.3.1 Chitosan 25311.3.2 Alginate 25411.3.3 Agarose 25511.4 Summary 25512 Green Synthesis of Bio-based Metal–Organic Frameworks 261Emile R. Engel, Bernardo Castro-Dominguez and Janet L. Scott12.1 Introduction 26112.2 Green Synthesis of MOFs 26212.2.1 Solvent-Free and Low Solvent Synthesis 26212.2.2 Green Solvents 26412.2.3 Sonochemical Synthesis 26612.2.4 Electrochemical Synthesis 26612.3 Bio-based Ligands 26612.3.1 Amino Acids 26612.3.2 Aliphatic Diacids 26712.3.3 Cyclodextrins 26912.3.4 Other 27012.3.5 Exemplars: Bio-based MOFs Obtainable via Green Synthesis 27112.4 Metal Ion Considerations 27112.4.1 Calcium 27212.4.2 Magnesium 27212.4.3 Manganese 27312.4.4 Iron 27312.4.5 Titanium 27412.4.6 Zirconium 27412.4.7 Aluminium 27512.4.8 Zinc 27512.5 Challenges for Further Development Towards Applications 27612.5.1 Stability Issues 27612.5.2 Scalability and Cost 27812.5.3 Competing Alternative Materials 27912.6 Conclusion 28013 Geopolymers Based on Biomass Ash and Bio-based Additives for Construction Industry 289Prinya Chindaprasirt, Ubolluk Rattanasak and Patcharapol Posi13.1 Introduction 28913.2 Pozzolan and Agricultural Waste Ash 29013.3 Geopolymer 29213.4 Combustion of Biomass 29413.4.1 Open Field Burning 29413.4.2 Controlled Burning 29413.4.3 Boiler Burning 29413.4.4 Fluidized Bed Burning 29513.5 Properties and Utilization of Biomass Ashes 29513.6 Biomass Ash-based Geopolymer 29913.6.1 Rice Husk Ash-based Geopolymer 30013.6.2 Bagasse Ash-based Geopolymer 30413.6.3 Palm Oil Fuel Ash-based Geopolymer 30613.6.4 Other Biomass-based Geopolymers 30813.6.5 Use of Biomass in Making Sodium Silicate Solution and Other Products 30813.6.6 Fire Resistance of Bio-based Geopolymer 30913.7 Conclusion 30914 The Role of Bio-based Excipients in the Formulation of Lipophilic Nutraceuticals 315Alexandra Teleki, Christos Tsekou and Alan Connolly14.1 Introduction 31514.2 Emulsions and the Importance of Bio-based Materials as Emulsifiers 31614.2.1 Conventional Micro-and Nanoemulsions 31614.2.2 Pickering-Stabilised Emulsions 31914.3 Novel Formulation Technologies: Colloidal Delivery Vesicles 32014.3.1 Microgels 32014.3.2 Nanoprecipitation 32114.3.3 Liposomes 32214.3.4 Complex Coacervation 32314.3.5 Complexation 32514.4 Key Drying Technologies Employed During Formulation 32514.4.1 Spray Drying 32514.4.2 Spray-Freeze Drying 32714.4.3 Electrohydrodynamic Processing 32814.4.4 Fluid Bed Drying 32914.4.5 Extrusion 32914.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 33015 Bio-derived Polymers for Packaging 337Pornnapa Kasemsiri, Uraiwan Pongsa, Manunya Okhawilai, Salim Hiziroglu, Nawadon Petchwattana, Wilaiporn Kraisuwan and Benjatham Sukkaneewat15.1 Introduction 33715.2 Starch 33815.3 Chitin/Chitosan 34015.4 Cellulose and Its Derivatives 34215.4.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals 34315.4.2 Cellulose Nanofibers 34315.4.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose 34415.4.4 Carboxymethyl Cellulose 34415.5 Poly(Lactic Acid) 34515.5.1 Bio-based Toughening Agents Used in PLA Toughness Improvement 34615.5.2 Toughening of PLA and Its Properties Related to Packaging Applications 34615.6 Bio-based Active and Intelligent Agents for Packaging 34815.6.1 Active Agents 34815.6.2 Intelligent Packaging 35115.7 Conclusion 35116 Recent Developments in Bio-Based Materials for Controlled-Release Fertilizers 361Kritapas Laohhasurayotin, Doungporn Yiamsawas and Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon16.1 Introduction and Historical Review 36116.1.1 Early Fertilizer Development and Its Impact on Environment 36116.1.2 Controlled-Release Fertilizer 36216.2 Mechanistic View of Controlled-Release Fertilizer from Bio-based Materials 36516.2.1 Coating Type 36616.2.2 Matrix Type 36716.2.3 Other Release Mechanisms 36816.3 Controlled Release Technologies from Bio-based Materials 36816.3.1 Natural Polymers and Their Fertilizer Applications 36916.3.2 Bio-based Modified Polymer Coatings for Controlled-Release Fertilizer 37616.3.3 Biochar and Other Carbon-based Fertilizers 38016.4 Conclusion and Foresight 385Index 399