David Minoli is the principal consultant at DVI Communications. He has testified as an expert witness in approximately twenty cases and been affiliated with Nokia, Ericsson, AT&T, SES, NYU, and the Stevens Institute of Technology. He is the author or co-author of numerous networking and wireless books, including Innovations in Satellite Communications and Satellite Technology: The Industry Implications of DVB-S2X, High Throughput Satellites, Ultra HD, M2M, and IP. Jo-Anne Dressendofer is the Founder of Slice Wireless Solutions (SliceWiFi) and has over 25 years’ experience as a recognized top performer and leader driving creativity into the network technology industry. Covered in this publication, her award-winning organization is responsible for developing and deploying the patent-pending HDC super-integrated network known as WiSNET®.

• Preface xiAbout the Authors xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Background and Functional Requirements for High‐Density Communications 11.1 Background 11.2 Requirements for High‐Density Communications 41.2.1 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Airports 51.2.2 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Stadiums 71.2.3 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Convention Centers 71.2.4 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Open Air Gatherings and Amusement Parks 101.2.5 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Classrooms 111.2.6 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Train and Subway Stations 121.2.7 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Dense Office Environments 121.2.8 Ongoing Requirements for Dense Smart Warehouses and Distribution Centers 141.2.9 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Dense Smart Cities 141.3 Pandemic‐Driven Social Distancing 161.3.1 Best Practices 161.3.2 Heuristic Density for the Pandemic Era 201.4 The Concept of a Wireless SuperNetwork 20References 222 Traditional WLAN Technologies 262.1 Overview 262.2 WLAN Standards 282.3 WLAN Basic Concepts 292.3.1 PHY Layer Operation 322.3.2 MAC Layer Operation 362.4 Hardware Elements 402.5 KEY IEEE 802.11ac Mechanisms 422.5.1 Downlink Multi‐User MIMO (DL‐MU‐MIMO) 422.5.2 Beamforming 452.5.3 Dynamic Frequency Selection 452.5.4 Space–Time Block Coding 462.5.5 Product Waves 482.6 Brief Preview of IEEE 802.11ax 48References 493 Traditional DAS Technologies 513.1 Overview 513.2 Frequency Bands of Cellular Operation 563.2.1 Traditional RF Spectrum 563.2.2 Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) 603.2.3 Freed‐up Satellite C‐Band 623.2.4 5G Bands 643.2.5 Motivations for Additional Spectrum 653.2.6 Private LTE/Private CBRS 663.2.7 5G Network Slicing 683.2.8 Supportive Technologies 683.3 Distributed Antenna Systems (DASs) 703.3.1 Technology Scope 703.3.2 More Detailed Exemplary Arrangement 763.3.3 Traffic‐aware DAS 813.3.4 BBU and DAS/RRU Connectivity 823.3.5 Ethernet/IP Transport Connectivity of DAS 84References 844 Traditional Sensor Networks/IoT Services 874.1 Overview and Environment 874.2 Architectural Concepts 934.3 Wireless Technologies for the IoT 964.3.1 Pre‐5G Wireless Technologies for the IoT 1004.3.2 NB‐IoT 1044.3.3 Lte‐m 1054.3.4 5G Technologies for the IoT 1064.3.5 WAN‐Oriented IoT Connectivity Migration Strategies 1084.4 Examples of Seven‐Layer IoT Protocol Stacks 1094.4.1 UPnP 1094.4.2 ZigBee 1154.4.3 Bluetooth 1164.5 Gateway‐Based IoT Operation 1174.6 Edge Computing in the IoT Ecosystem 1184.7 Session Establishment Example 1214.8 IoT Security 1214.8.1 Challenges 1214.8.2 Applicable Security Mechanisms 1254.8.3 Hardware Considerations 1274.8.4 Other Approaches: Blockchains 132References 1325 Evolved Campus Connectivity 1395.1 Advanced Solutions 1405.1.1 802.11ax Basics 1435.1.2 Key 802.11ax Processes 1545.1.3 Summary 1565.2 Voice Over Wi‐Fi (VoWi‐Fi) 1585.3 5G Technologies 1635.3.1 Emerging Services 1645.3.2 New Access and Core Elements 1655.3.3 New 5GC Architecture 1685.3.4 Frequency Spectrum and Propagation Challenges 1695.3.5 Resource Management 1705.3.6 Requirements for Small Cells 1755.3.7 Comparison to Wi‐Fi 6 1785.4 IoT 1785.5 5G DAS Solutions 1795.6 Integrated Solutions 179References 1816 De‐densification of Spaces and Work Environments 1846.1 Overview 1846.2 Basic Approaches 1896.3 RTLS Methodologies and Technologies 1946.3.1 RFID Systems 2026.3.2 Wi‐Fi‐based Positioning System (WPS) 2056.3.3 Bluetooth 2066.3.4 Uwb 2076.3.5 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) 2076.4 Standards 2076.5 Applications 209References 2127 UWB‐Based De‐densification of Spaces and Work Environments 2227.1 Review of UWB Technology 2237.2 Carriage of Information in UWB 2267.2.1 Pulse Communication 2267.2.2 UWB Modulation 2287.3 UWB Standards 2327.4 IoT Applications for UWB 2377.5 UWB Applications for Smart Cities and for Real‐Time Locating Systems 2397.5.1 Applications for Smart Cities 2397.5.2 UWB Applications to Real‐Time Location Systems 2407.6 OSD/ODCMA Applications 248References 2538 RTLSs and Distance Tracking Using Wi‐Fi, Bluetooth, and Cellular Technologies 2588.1 Overview 2588.2 RF Fingerprinting Methods 2608.3 Wi‐Fi RTLS Approaches 2618.3.1 Common Approach 2618.3.2 Design Considerations 2668.3.3 Drawbacks and Limitations 2678.3.4 Potential Enhancements 2678.3.5 Illustrative Examples 2698.4 Ble 2718.4.1 Bluetooth and BLE Background 2718.4.2 RTLS Applications 2738.4.3 BLE‐Based Contact Tracing 2788.4.4 Illustrative Examples 2808.5 Cellular Approaches 2838.6 Summary 286References 2889 Case Study of an Implementation and Rollout of a High‐Density High‐Impact Network 2919.1 Thurgood Marshall BWI Airport Design Requirements 2929.1.1 Broad Motivation 2939.1.2 Status Quo Challenges 2949.1.3 RFP Requirements 2959.2 Overview of the Final Design 2989.2.1 DAS Solutions 3009.2.2 Broadband, BLE, IoT 30510 The Age of Wi‐Fi and Rise of the Wireless SuperNetwork (WiSNET) TM 31210.1 What Preceded the WiSNET 31210.2 What Comes Next 31310.3 The Super‐Integration Concept of a Wireless SuperNetwork (WiSNET) 31410.4 The Multidimensionality of a SuperNetwork (WiSNET) 31710.5 The Genesis of the WiSNET Concept Defined in this Text 31710.6 The Definition and Characterization of a WiSNET 32010.6.1 Architectural Aspects of a WiSNET 32110.6.2 Technology Aspects of a WiSNET 32510.6.3 Management Aspects of a WiSNET 32810.7 Economic Advantages of a WiSNET System 33110.8 5G Slice Capabilities 33210.8.1 Motivations and Approaches for 5G Network Slicing 33210.8.2 Implementation 33510.8.3 Wi-Fi Slicing 33510.9 Conclusion 335References 336Index 337

David Minoli is the principal consultant at DVI Communications. He has testified as an expert witness in approximately twenty cases and been affiliated with Nokia, Ericsson, AT&T, SES, NYU, and the Stevens Institute of Technology. He is the author or co-author of numerous networking and wireless books, including Innovations in Satellite Communications and Satellite Technology: The Industry Implications of DVB-S2X, High Throughput Satellites, Ultra HD, M2M, and IP. Jo-Anne Dressendofer is the Founder of Slice Wireless Solutions (SliceWiFi) and has over 25 years’ experience as a recognized top performer and leader driving creativity into the network technology industry. Covered in this publication, her award-winning organization is responsible for developing and deploying the patent-pending HDC super-integrated network known as WiSNET®.

• Preface xiAbout the Authors xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Background and Functional Requirements for High‐Density Communications 11.1 Background 11.2 Requirements for High‐Density Communications 41.2.1 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Airports 51.2.2 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Stadiums 71.2.3 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Convention Centers 71.2.4 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Open Air Gatherings and Amusement Parks 101.2.5 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Classrooms 111.2.6 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Train and Subway Stations 121.2.7 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Dense Office Environments 121.2.8 Ongoing Requirements for Dense Smart Warehouses and Distribution Centers 141.2.9 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Dense Smart Cities 141.3 Pandemic‐Driven Social Distancing 161.3.1 Best Practices 161.3.2 Heuristic Density for the Pandemic Era 201.4 The Concept of a Wireless SuperNetwork 20References 222 Traditional WLAN Technologies 262.1 Overview 262.2 WLAN Standards 282.3 WLAN Basic Concepts 292.3.1 PHY Layer Operation 322.3.2 MAC Layer Operation 362.4 Hardware Elements 402.5 KEY IEEE 802.11ac Mechanisms 422.5.1 Downlink Multi‐User MIMO (DL‐MU‐MIMO) 422.5.2 Beamforming 452.5.3 Dynamic Frequency Selection 452.5.4 Space–Time Block Coding 462.5.5 Product Waves 482.6 Brief Preview of IEEE 802.11ax 48References 493 Traditional DAS Technologies 513.1 Overview 513.2 Frequency Bands of Cellular Operation 563.2.1 Traditional RF Spectrum 563.2.2 Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) 603.2.3 Freed‐up Satellite C‐Band 623.2.4 5G Bands 643.2.5 Motivations for Additional Spectrum 653.2.6 Private LTE/Private CBRS 663.2.7 5G Network Slicing 683.2.8 Supportive Technologies 683.3 Distributed Antenna Systems (DASs) 703.3.1 Technology Scope 703.3.2 More Detailed Exemplary Arrangement 763.3.3 Traffic‐aware DAS 813.3.4 BBU and DAS/RRU Connectivity 823.3.5 Ethernet/IP Transport Connectivity of DAS 84References 844 Traditional Sensor Networks/IoT Services 874.1 Overview and Environment 874.2 Architectural Concepts 934.3 Wireless Technologies for the IoT 964.3.1 Pre‐5G Wireless Technologies for the IoT 1004.3.2 NB‐IoT 1044.3.3 Lte‐m 1054.3.4 5G Technologies for the IoT 1064.3.5 WAN‐Oriented IoT Connectivity Migration Strategies 1084.4 Examples of Seven‐Layer IoT Protocol Stacks 1094.4.1 UPnP 1094.4.2 ZigBee 1154.4.3 Bluetooth 1164.5 Gateway‐Based IoT Operation 1174.6 Edge Computing in the IoT Ecosystem 1184.7 Session Establishment Example 1214.8 IoT Security 1214.8.1 Challenges 1214.8.2 Applicable Security Mechanisms 1254.8.3 Hardware Considerations 1274.8.4 Other Approaches: Blockchains 132References 1325 Evolved Campus Connectivity 1395.1 Advanced Solutions 1405.1.1 802.11ax Basics 1435.1.2 Key 802.11ax Processes 1545.1.3 Summary 1565.2 Voice Over Wi‐Fi (VoWi‐Fi) 1585.3 5G Technologies 1635.3.1 Emerging Services 1645.3.2 New Access and Core Elements 1655.3.3 New 5GC Architecture 1685.3.4 Frequency Spectrum and Propagation Challenges 1695.3.5 Resource Management 1705.3.6 Requirements for Small Cells 1755.3.7 Comparison to Wi‐Fi 6 1785.4 IoT 1785.5 5G DAS Solutions 1795.6 Integrated Solutions 179References 1816 De‐densification of Spaces and Work Environments 1846.1 Overview 1846.2 Basic Approaches 1896.3 RTLS Methodologies and Technologies 1946.3.1 RFID Systems 2026.3.2 Wi‐Fi‐based Positioning System (WPS) 2056.3.3 Bluetooth 2066.3.4 Uwb 2076.3.5 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) 2076.4 Standards 2076.5 Applications 209References 2127 UWB‐Based De‐densification of Spaces and Work Environments 2227.1 Review of UWB Technology 2237.2 Carriage of Information in UWB 2267.2.1 Pulse Communication 2267.2.2 UWB Modulation 2287.3 UWB Standards 2327.4 IoT Applications for UWB 2377.5 UWB Applications for Smart Cities and for Real‐Time Locating Systems 2397.5.1 Applications for Smart Cities 2397.5.2 UWB Applications to Real‐Time Location Systems 2407.6 OSD/ODCMA Applications 248References 2538 RTLSs and Distance Tracking Using Wi‐Fi, Bluetooth, and Cellular Technologies 2588.1 Overview 2588.2 RF Fingerprinting Methods 2608.3 Wi‐Fi RTLS Approaches 2618.3.1 Common Approach 2618.3.2 Design Considerations 2668.3.3 Drawbacks and Limitations 2678.3.4 Potential Enhancements 2678.3.5 Illustrative Examples 2698.4 Ble 2718.4.1 Bluetooth and BLE Background 2718.4.2 RTLS Applications 2738.4.3 BLE‐Based Contact Tracing 2788.4.4 Illustrative Examples 2808.5 Cellular Approaches 2838.6 Summary 286References 2889 Case Study of an Implementation and Rollout of a High‐Density High‐Impact Network 2919.1 Thurgood Marshall BWI Airport Design Requirements 2929.1.1 Broad Motivation 2939.1.2 Status Quo Challenges 2949.1.3 RFP Requirements 2959.2 Overview of the Final Design 2989.2.1 DAS Solutions 3009.2.2 Broadband, BLE, IoT 30510 The Age of Wi‐Fi and Rise of the Wireless SuperNetwork (WiSNET) TM 31210.1 What Preceded the WiSNET 31210.2 What Comes Next 31310.3 The Super‐Integration Concept of a Wireless SuperNetwork (WiSNET) 31410.4 The Multidimensionality of a SuperNetwork (WiSNET) 31710.5 The Genesis of the WiSNET Concept Defined in this Text 31710.6 The Definition and Characterization of a WiSNET 32010.6.1 Architectural Aspects of a WiSNET 32110.6.2 Technology Aspects of a WiSNET 32510.6.3 Management Aspects of a WiSNET 32810.7 Economic Advantages of a WiSNET System 33110.8 5G Slice Capabilities 33210.8.1 Motivations and Approaches for 5G Network Slicing 33210.8.2 Implementation 33510.8.3 Wi-Fi Slicing 33510.9 Conclusion 335References 336Index 337

David Minoli is the principal consultant at DVI Communications. He has testified as an expert witness in approximately twenty cases and been affiliated with Nokia, Ericsson, AT&T, SES, NYU, and the Stevens Institute of Technology. He is the author or co-author of numerous networking and wireless books, including Innovations in Satellite Communications and Satellite Technology: The Industry Implications of DVB-S2X, High Throughput Satellites, Ultra HD, M2M, and IP. Jo-Anne Dressendofer is the Founder of Slice Wireless Solutions (SliceWiFi) and has over 25 years’ experience as a recognized top performer and leader driving creativity into the network technology industry. Covered in this publication, her award-winning organization is responsible for developing and deploying the patent-pending HDC super-integrated network known as WiSNET®.

• Preface xiAbout the Authors xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Background and Functional Requirements for High‐Density Communications 11.1 Background 11.2 Requirements for High‐Density Communications 41.2.1 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Airports 51.2.2 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Stadiums 71.2.3 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Convention Centers 71.2.4 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Open Air Gatherings and Amusement Parks 101.2.5 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Classrooms 111.2.6 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Train and Subway Stations 121.2.7 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Dense Office Environments 121.2.8 Ongoing Requirements for Dense Smart Warehouses and Distribution Centers 141.2.9 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Dense Smart Cities 141.3 Pandemic‐Driven Social Distancing 161.3.1 Best Practices 161.3.2 Heuristic Density for the Pandemic Era 201.4 The Concept of a Wireless SuperNetwork 20References 222 Traditional WLAN Technologies 262.1 Overview 262.2 WLAN Standards 282.3 WLAN Basic Concepts 292.3.1 PHY Layer Operation 322.3.2 MAC Layer Operation 362.4 Hardware Elements 402.5 KEY IEEE 802.11ac Mechanisms 422.5.1 Downlink Multi‐User MIMO (DL‐MU‐MIMO) 422.5.2 Beamforming 452.5.3 Dynamic Frequency Selection 452.5.4 Space–Time Block Coding 462.5.5 Product Waves 482.6 Brief Preview of IEEE 802.11ax 48References 493 Traditional DAS Technologies 513.1 Overview 513.2 Frequency Bands of Cellular Operation 563.2.1 Traditional RF Spectrum 563.2.2 Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) 603.2.3 Freed‐up Satellite C‐Band 623.2.4 5G Bands 643.2.5 Motivations for Additional Spectrum 653.2.6 Private LTE/Private CBRS 663.2.7 5G Network Slicing 683.2.8 Supportive Technologies 683.3 Distributed Antenna Systems (DASs) 703.3.1 Technology Scope 703.3.2 More Detailed Exemplary Arrangement 763.3.3 Traffic‐aware DAS 813.3.4 BBU and DAS/RRU Connectivity 823.3.5 Ethernet/IP Transport Connectivity of DAS 84References 844 Traditional Sensor Networks/IoT Services 874.1 Overview and Environment 874.2 Architectural Concepts 934.3 Wireless Technologies for the IoT 964.3.1 Pre‐5G Wireless Technologies for the IoT 1004.3.2 NB‐IoT 1044.3.3 Lte‐m 1054.3.4 5G Technologies for the IoT 1064.3.5 WAN‐Oriented IoT Connectivity Migration Strategies 1084.4 Examples of Seven‐Layer IoT Protocol Stacks 1094.4.1 UPnP 1094.4.2 ZigBee 1154.4.3 Bluetooth 1164.5 Gateway‐Based IoT Operation 1174.6 Edge Computing in the IoT Ecosystem 1184.7 Session Establishment Example 1214.8 IoT Security 1214.8.1 Challenges 1214.8.2 Applicable Security Mechanisms 1254.8.3 Hardware Considerations 1274.8.4 Other Approaches: Blockchains 132References 1325 Evolved Campus Connectivity 1395.1 Advanced Solutions 1405.1.1 802.11ax Basics 1435.1.2 Key 802.11ax Processes 1545.1.3 Summary 1565.2 Voice Over Wi‐Fi (VoWi‐Fi) 1585.3 5G Technologies 1635.3.1 Emerging Services 1645.3.2 New Access and Core Elements 1655.3.3 New 5GC Architecture 1685.3.4 Frequency Spectrum and Propagation Challenges 1695.3.5 Resource Management 1705.3.6 Requirements for Small Cells 1755.3.7 Comparison to Wi‐Fi 6 1785.4 IoT 1785.5 5G DAS Solutions 1795.6 Integrated Solutions 179References 1816 De‐densification of Spaces and Work Environments 1846.1 Overview 1846.2 Basic Approaches 1896.3 RTLS Methodologies and Technologies 1946.3.1 RFID Systems 2026.3.2 Wi‐Fi‐based Positioning System (WPS) 2056.3.3 Bluetooth 2066.3.4 Uwb 2076.3.5 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) 2076.4 Standards 2076.5 Applications 209References 2127 UWB‐Based De‐densification of Spaces and Work Environments 2227.1 Review of UWB Technology 2237.2 Carriage of Information in UWB 2267.2.1 Pulse Communication 2267.2.2 UWB Modulation 2287.3 UWB Standards 2327.4 IoT Applications for UWB 2377.5 UWB Applications for Smart Cities and for Real‐Time Locating Systems 2397.5.1 Applications for Smart Cities 2397.5.2 UWB Applications to Real‐Time Location Systems 2407.6 OSD/ODCMA Applications 248References 2538 RTLSs and Distance Tracking Using Wi‐Fi, Bluetooth, and Cellular Technologies 2588.1 Overview 2588.2 RF Fingerprinting Methods 2608.3 Wi‐Fi RTLS Approaches 2618.3.1 Common Approach 2618.3.2 Design Considerations 2668.3.3 Drawbacks and Limitations 2678.3.4 Potential Enhancements 2678.3.5 Illustrative Examples 2698.4 Ble 2718.4.1 Bluetooth and BLE Background 2718.4.2 RTLS Applications 2738.4.3 BLE‐Based Contact Tracing 2788.4.4 Illustrative Examples 2808.5 Cellular Approaches 2838.6 Summary 286References 2889 Case Study of an Implementation and Rollout of a High‐Density High‐Impact Network 2919.1 Thurgood Marshall BWI Airport Design Requirements 2929.1.1 Broad Motivation 2939.1.2 Status Quo Challenges 2949.1.3 RFP Requirements 2959.2 Overview of the Final Design 2989.2.1 DAS Solutions 3009.2.2 Broadband, BLE, IoT 30510 The Age of Wi‐Fi and Rise of the Wireless SuperNetwork (WiSNET) TM 31210.1 What Preceded the WiSNET 31210.2 What Comes Next 31310.3 The Super‐Integration Concept of a Wireless SuperNetwork (WiSNET) 31410.4 The Multidimensionality of a SuperNetwork (WiSNET) 31710.5 The Genesis of the WiSNET Concept Defined in this Text 31710.6 The Definition and Characterization of a WiSNET 32010.6.1 Architectural Aspects of a WiSNET 32110.6.2 Technology Aspects of a WiSNET 32510.6.3 Management Aspects of a WiSNET 32810.7 Economic Advantages of a WiSNET System 33110.8 5G Slice Capabilities 33210.8.1 Motivations and Approaches for 5G Network Slicing 33210.8.2 Implementation 33510.8.3 Wi-Fi Slicing 33510.9 Conclusion 335References 336Index 337