Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

Rose Qingyang Hu is Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Utah State University. Her current research interests include interference management, cooperative communications, cognitive radio, mobility, security, QoS and green networking in wireless networks.Yi Qian is Associate Professor in the Department of Computer and Electronics Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL). His research interests include information assurance and network security, network design, network modelling, simulation and performance analysis for next generation wireless networks, high-speed networks and the Internet.

• Contributors xiii Preface xv1 Overview of Heterogeneous Networks 11.1 Motivations for Heterogeneous Networks 21.1.1 Explosive Growth of Data Capacity Demands 21.1.2 From Spectral Efficiency to Network Efficiency 31.1.3 Challenges in Service Revenue and Capacity Investment 51.2 Definitions of Heterogeneous Networks 51.3 Economics of Heterogeneous Networks 61.3.1 Total Cost of Ownership 71.3.2 Heterogeneous Networks Use Scenarios 81.3.3 General Tends in Heterogeneous Networks Development 101.4 Aspects of Heterogeneous Network Technology 101.4.1 RF Interference 101.4.2 Radio System Configuration 121.4.3 Network Coupling 131.4.4 User and Device Credential 141.4.5 Interworking 151.4.6 Handover 161.4.7 Data Routing 181.4.8 Quality of Service 191.4.9 Security and Privacy 211.4.10 Capacity and Performance Evaluation 221.5 Future Heterogeneous Network Applications 22References 24Part I Radio Resource and Interference Management2 Radio Resource and Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Heterogeneous Networks Deployment Scenarios and Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 312.2.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployment Scenarios 312.2.2 Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 332.3 Multi-carrier Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 332.3.1 Interference Management via Carrier Partitioning 342.3.2 Enhanced Carrier Reuse with Power Control 362.3.3 Carrier Aggregation Based Inter-cell Interference Coordination 362.4 Co-channel Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 382.4.1 Control Channel Interference Management 392.4.2 Data Channel Interference Management 462.5 Conclusion 48References 483 Capacity and Coverage Enhancement in Heterogeneous Networks 513.1 Introduction 523.2 Deployment Scenarios 543.2.1 Multi-tier Network Elements 543.2.2 Multi-radio Techniques 553.3 Multi-tier Interference Mitigation 563.3.1 Multi-tier Spectral Reuse Scenarios 563.3.2 Cross-tier Interference 563.3.3 Network Synchronization for IM 573.3.4 Overview of Interference Mitigation Techniques 573.3.5 Performance Comparison of IM Schemes 603.4 Multi-radio Performance 613.5 Standardization and Future Research Directions 623.5.1 Status of Wireless Standards 623.5.2 Future Research Directions 623.6 Conclusion 64References 644 Cross-tier Interference Management in 3GPP LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks 674.1 Introduction 674.1.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployments 684.1.2 OSG Scenario 684.1.3 CSG Scenario 704.2 Interference Management for LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks 704.2.1 Interference Management Methods for Homogenous Networks 714.2.2 Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 734.2.3 Time Domain Based ICIC Schemes 744.2.4 Power Setting for Femtocells 854.3 Conclusions 89Appendix: Simulation Models 89References 925 Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 935.1 Introduction 935.2 Conventional Inter-cell Interference Coordination 955.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 985.3.1 Interference Scenarios in Heterogeneous Networks 985.3.2 Enhanced ICIC Solutions for Heterogeneous Networks 1005.4 Conclusion 116References 1166 Cognitive Radios to Mitigate Interference in Macro/femto Heterogeneous Networks 1196.1 Introduction 1196.2 Information Requirement and Acquisition for Interference Mitigation 1226.3 Descriptions of System Models 1246.3.1 Two-tier Network Architecture 1246.3.2 Channel Model 1246.3.3 Traffic Model 1256.3.4 CR-enabled Operations 1256.4 Cross-tier Interference Mitigation 1256.4.1 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Time/Frequency Domain 1256.4.2 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Antenna Spatiality Domain 1266.4.3 Interference Cancellation: Coding Techniques 1296.5 Intra-tier Interference Mitigation 1306.5.1 Strategic Game for Collocated Femtocells 1316.5.2 Gibbs Sampler for Collocated Femtocells 1326.6 Interference Mitigation for Machine-to-Machine Communications 1366.6.1 Background of Compressive Sensing 1386.6.2 SMRM for Femtocells 1386.6.3 Compressive Sensing for the Spectrum Map Construction 1406.6.4 Performance Evaluations 1406.7 Conclusion 141References 1427 Game Theoretic Approach to Distributed Bandwidth Allocation in OFDMA-based Self-organizing Femtocell Networks 1457.1 Introduction 1457.2 Distributed Bandwidth Allocation 1467.3 Convergence Analysis 1507.4 Choice of Utility Function and its Parameters 1527.5 Simulation Results 1557.5.1 Convergence Studies 1567.5.2 Bandwidth Allocation and Network Tuning 1567.6 Extensions and Discussions 1597.7 Conclusion 162Acknowledgement 162References 162Part II Mobility and Handover Management8 Mobility Management and Performance Optimization in Next Generation Heterogeneous Mobile Networks 1678.1 Introduction 1678.2 Overview of Mobility Management in RRC-connected State 1688.3 Mobility Robustness Optimization 1718.4 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 1768.4.1 Related Works 1778.4.2 Problem Description 1778.4.3 Load Balancing Algorithm with Penalized Handovers 1808.4.4 Numerical Examples 1828.5 Cooperation of MRO and MLB 1858.5.1 Achieve Load Balance by Adjusting CI O 1868.5.2 Coordination Rules between MRO and MLB 1868.5.3 Jointly Consider MRO and MLB 1878.5.4 Simulation Results 1888.6 Mobility Enhancement for Femtocells 1928.7 Conclusion 194Acknowledgements 195References 1959 Connected-mode Mobility in LTE Heterogeneous Networks 1999.1 Introduction 1999.2 Cell Selection and Problem Statement 2009.3 Simulation Methodology 2029.4 Handover Modelling 2079.5 Results 210Reference 21410 Cell Selection Modes in LTE Macro–Femtocell Deployment 21510.1 Introduction 21510.2 Distinction of Cells 21610.3 Access Control 21910.3.1 Access Control Scenarios 22010.3.2 Access Control Executor 22010.3.3 Access Control Mechanisms 22310.3.4 Performance of Access Control Mechanisms 22510.4 Cell Selection and Cell Reselection 23110.4.1 UE in Idle Mode 23210.4.2 PLMN Selection 23410.4.3 Cell Selection 23510.4.4 Cell Reselection 23910.4.5 Cell Reselection with Femtocells 241References 24411 Distributed Location Management for Generalized HetNets. Case Study of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 24711.1 Introduction 24711.1.1 Motivation 24811.1.2 Approach 24911.1.3 On Location Management in Generalized HetNets 25011.2 Background on Geographic Routing and Geographic Location Management 25011.3 All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 25211.3.1 Challenges of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 25311.4 Architecture for Geographic-based All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 25411.4.1 Overview of the Architecture 25411.4.2 Network Entities Supporting Networks of Femtocells 25511.4.3 Operation of the Network of Femtocells 25611.4.4 Sample Protocol Stacks for Wifi-based All-wireless NoFs 25711.4.5 Other Relevant Issues 25711.5 Location Management Procedures 25811.5.1 Paging 25911.5.2 Handoff 26011.6 Summary and Conclusions 262Acknowledgements 263References 26312 Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Networks: a Comparative Experimental and Simulation-based Investigation 26512.1 Introduction 26512.2 Preliminaries on VHO 26612.3 Experimental Investigation 26712.3.1 VHO Decision Algorithms 26712.3.2 Experimental Setup and Results 27012.4 Simulation-based Investigation 27412.4.1 The OPNET Simulator 27412.4.2 Performance Results 27612.5 Discussion on the VHO in HetNets 28312.5.1 Role of the (Internal) Decision Algorithm 28312.5.2 Role of the Authentication Procedures 28312.5.3 Impact of VHO on HetNet Coverage 28412.5.4 Impact of VHO on HetNet Capacity 28412.6 Conclusions 284Acknowledgment 285References 285Part III Deployment, Standardization and Field Trials13 Evolution of HetNet Technologies in LTE-advanced Standards 28913.1 Introduction 28913.2 Deployment Scenarios for LTE-advanced HetNet 29013.2.1 Macro–Femto Scenario 29113.2.2 Macro–Pico Scenario 29213.3 Inter-cell Interference Coordination for HetNet 29213.3.1 Rel-8/9 ICIC 29313.3.2 Rel-10 Enhanced ICIC 29413.3.3 System-level Performance of HetNet with Time-domain eICIC 29913.4 Ongoing Work in Rel-11 LTE-A 30513.4.1 Support of Non-zero Power ABS 30613.4.2 Network-assisted Cell Acquisition for CRE UE in Low Geometry 30813.4.3 Mitigation of CRS Interference for CRE UE in Low Geometry 30913.5 Conclusion 310References 31014 Macro–Femto Heterogeneous Network Deployment and Management 31314.1 Introduction 31414.2 Frameworks for Macro–Femto Network Deployment and Management 31514.2.1 Joint-deployment Framework 31514.2.2 WSP-deployment Framework 31814.2.3 User-deployment Framework 31814.3 Revenue Maximization with WSP-deployed Femto-BSs 31914.3.1 On Cross-tier Channel Allocation 32014.3.2 On Optimal Pricing and Spectrum Partition 32614.4 Summary 332References 33315 Field Trial of LTE Technology 33515.1 Introduction 33515.2 Field Trial Overview 33615.2.1 UE Antennas 33715.2.2 Network Configuration and Field Trial Setup 33815.3 Measurement Results 33815.4 Summary Comparison 34415.5 Conclusion 346References 347Index 349