The figure of Shakespeare—indeed, the idea of Shakespeare—is regularly invoked in the writing of Henry James, filled as it is with echoes and quotations from the plays. In Henry James and the Example of Shakespeare: The Heir of Invention the playwright emerges in James’s characterization (fictional and critical) as an exemplary observer of complex humanity, a practitioner of scenic and dramatic form and a national figure prone to public curiosity. While the biographical Shakespeare remains necessarily obscure, his plays proved accessible, their protagonists, themes and scenic forms offering James enduring models of performance and narrative. Demonstrating his distinctive critical voice, the novelist proves himself committed to the plays as texts as well as vehicles for performance. Aside from his unassailable status as artist for James, Shakespeare also marked his introduction—a form of initiation—into the complexity of European heritage. In his appreciation of less traditional Victorian performance practices (illustrated, for instance, in the visits of Italian actors), James showed unusual flexibility in engaging with both European and American cultural traditions.