MORTON J. KERN, MD, MFSCAI, FAHA, FACC, Chief of Medicine, Veterans Administration Long Beach Health Care System; Professor of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. MICHAEL J. LIM, MD, Chief of Cardiology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA. JAMES A. GOLDSTEIN, MD, Director, Cardiovascular Research, William Beaumont Hospital, MI, USA.

• List of Contributors ixPreface to the Fourth Edition xiIntroduction XIIIMorton J. Kern and James A. GoldsteinPart One Normal Waveforms 11 Principles of Normal Physiology and Pathophysiology 3James A. Goldstein and Morton J. Kern2 Left Atrial Hemodynamics 35Morton J. Kern3 Left Ventricular End‐Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP) 43Morton J. Kern4 Left and Right Ventricular Pressure: Interactions and Influencing Factors 49Morton J. Kern5 Hemodynamics during Arrhythmias 67Morton J. Kern, Thomas J. Donahue, and Richard G. BachPart Two Valvular Hemodynamics 796 Aortic Stenosis 81Michael J. Lim and Morton J. Kern7 Aortic Regurgitation 101Morton J. Kern and Michael J. Lim8 Mitral Valve Stenosis 119Morton J. Kern and Michael J. Lim9 Multivalvular Regurgitant Lesions 143Morton J. Kern10 The Pulmonary Valve 159Morton J. Kern11 Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) 165Morton J. KernPart Three Constriction and Tamponade 19512 Introduction to Pericardial Disease 197James A. Goldstein13 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Differentiating Constrictive Pericarditis and Restriction 219James A. Goldstein14 Hemodynamic Manifestations of Ischemic Right‐Heart Dysfunction 235James A. GoldsteinPart Four Hemodynamics of Structural Heart Disease 24915 Percutaneous Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty and Transaortic Valve Replacement 251Williams M. Suh, Morton J. Kern, and Zoltan Turi16 Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty 275Morton J. Kern, Paul Sorajja, and Zoltan Turi17 The Pulmonary Valve and Valvuloplasty 295Morton J. KernPart Five Coronary, Renal, Congenital, and Left Ventricular Support Hemodynamics 30918 Coronary Hemodynamics: The Basics of Pressure and Flow Measurements, Coronary Vasodilatory Reserve, and Fractional Flow Reserve 311Morton J. Kern and Crystal Medina19 Renal Artery Stenosis 349Morton J. Kern20 Adult Congenital Anomalies 361Morton J. Kern, Ralf J. Holzer, and Ziyad M. Hijazi21 Extra Hearts: Unusual Hemodynamics of Heterotopic Transplant and Ventricular Assist Devices 379Morton J. Kern22 Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment of Shock and Use of Mechanical Support for Acute Left and Right Ventricular Failure 401Ivan D. Hanson and James A. GoldsteinPart Six Clinical and Bedside Applications of Hemodynamics 40923 An Anatomic‐Pathophysiologic Approach to Hemodynamic Assessment 411James A. GoldsteinAppendix: Hemodynamic Rounds, Fourth Edition, 2018 427Index 431

MORTON J. KERN, MD, MFSCAI, FAHA, FACC, Chief of Medicine, Veterans Administration Long Beach Health Care System; Professor of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. MICHAEL J. LIM, MD, Chief of Cardiology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA. JAMES A. GOLDSTEIN, MD, Director, Cardiovascular Research, William Beaumont Hospital, MI, USA.

• List of Contributors ixPreface to the Fourth Edition xiIntroduction XIIIMorton J. Kern and James A. GoldsteinPart One Normal Waveforms 11 Principles of Normal Physiology and Pathophysiology 3James A. Goldstein and Morton J. Kern2 Left Atrial Hemodynamics 35Morton J. Kern3 Left Ventricular End‐Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP) 43Morton J. Kern4 Left and Right Ventricular Pressure: Interactions and Influencing Factors 49Morton J. Kern5 Hemodynamics during Arrhythmias 67Morton J. Kern, Thomas J. Donahue, and Richard G. BachPart Two Valvular Hemodynamics 796 Aortic Stenosis 81Michael J. Lim and Morton J. Kern7 Aortic Regurgitation 101Morton J. Kern and Michael J. Lim8 Mitral Valve Stenosis 119Morton J. Kern and Michael J. Lim9 Multivalvular Regurgitant Lesions 143Morton J. Kern10 The Pulmonary Valve 159Morton J. Kern11 Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) 165Morton J. KernPart Three Constriction and Tamponade 19512 Introduction to Pericardial Disease 197James A. Goldstein13 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Differentiating Constrictive Pericarditis and Restriction 219James A. Goldstein14 Hemodynamic Manifestations of Ischemic Right‐Heart Dysfunction 235James A. GoldsteinPart Four Hemodynamics of Structural Heart Disease 24915 Percutaneous Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty and Transaortic Valve Replacement 251Williams M. Suh, Morton J. Kern, and Zoltan Turi16 Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty 275Morton J. Kern, Paul Sorajja, and Zoltan Turi17 The Pulmonary Valve and Valvuloplasty 295Morton J. KernPart Five Coronary, Renal, Congenital, and Left Ventricular Support Hemodynamics 30918 Coronary Hemodynamics: The Basics of Pressure and Flow Measurements, Coronary Vasodilatory Reserve, and Fractional Flow Reserve 311Morton J. Kern and Crystal Medina19 Renal Artery Stenosis 349Morton J. Kern20 Adult Congenital Anomalies 361Morton J. Kern, Ralf J. Holzer, and Ziyad M. Hijazi21 Extra Hearts: Unusual Hemodynamics of Heterotopic Transplant and Ventricular Assist Devices 379Morton J. Kern22 Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment of Shock and Use of Mechanical Support for Acute Left and Right Ventricular Failure 401Ivan D. Hanson and James A. GoldsteinPart Six Clinical and Bedside Applications of Hemodynamics 40923 An Anatomic‐Pathophysiologic Approach to Hemodynamic Assessment 411James A. GoldsteinAppendix: Hemodynamic Rounds, Fourth Edition, 2018 427Index 431

MORTON J. KERN, MD, MFSCAI, FAHA, FACC, Chief of Medicine, Veterans Administration Long Beach Health Care System; Professor of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. MICHAEL J. LIM, MD, Chief of Cardiology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA. JAMES A. GOLDSTEIN, MD, Director, Cardiovascular Research, William Beaumont Hospital, MI, USA.

• List of Contributors ixPreface to the Fourth Edition xiIntroduction XIIIMorton J. Kern and James A. GoldsteinPart One Normal Waveforms 11 Principles of Normal Physiology and Pathophysiology 3James A. Goldstein and Morton J. Kern2 Left Atrial Hemodynamics 35Morton J. Kern3 Left Ventricular End‐Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP) 43Morton J. Kern4 Left and Right Ventricular Pressure: Interactions and Influencing Factors 49Morton J. Kern5 Hemodynamics during Arrhythmias 67Morton J. Kern, Thomas J. Donahue, and Richard G. BachPart Two Valvular Hemodynamics 796 Aortic Stenosis 81Michael J. Lim and Morton J. Kern7 Aortic Regurgitation 101Morton J. Kern and Michael J. Lim8 Mitral Valve Stenosis 119Morton J. Kern and Michael J. Lim9 Multivalvular Regurgitant Lesions 143Morton J. Kern10 The Pulmonary Valve 159Morton J. Kern11 Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) 165Morton J. KernPart Three Constriction and Tamponade 19512 Introduction to Pericardial Disease 197James A. Goldstein13 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Differentiating Constrictive Pericarditis and Restriction 219James A. Goldstein14 Hemodynamic Manifestations of Ischemic Right‐Heart Dysfunction 235James A. GoldsteinPart Four Hemodynamics of Structural Heart Disease 24915 Percutaneous Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty and Transaortic Valve Replacement 251Williams M. Suh, Morton J. Kern, and Zoltan Turi16 Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty 275Morton J. Kern, Paul Sorajja, and Zoltan Turi17 The Pulmonary Valve and Valvuloplasty 295Morton J. KernPart Five Coronary, Renal, Congenital, and Left Ventricular Support Hemodynamics 30918 Coronary Hemodynamics: The Basics of Pressure and Flow Measurements, Coronary Vasodilatory Reserve, and Fractional Flow Reserve 311Morton J. Kern and Crystal Medina19 Renal Artery Stenosis 349Morton J. Kern20 Adult Congenital Anomalies 361Morton J. Kern, Ralf J. Holzer, and Ziyad M. Hijazi21 Extra Hearts: Unusual Hemodynamics of Heterotopic Transplant and Ventricular Assist Devices 379Morton J. Kern22 Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment of Shock and Use of Mechanical Support for Acute Left and Right Ventricular Failure 401Ivan D. Hanson and James A. GoldsteinPart Six Clinical and Bedside Applications of Hemodynamics 40923 An Anatomic‐Pathophysiologic Approach to Hemodynamic Assessment 411James A. GoldsteinAppendix: Hemodynamic Rounds, Fourth Edition, 2018 427Index 431