Yves Jannot is a CNRS research engineer at the Energy, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Lorraine, France.Christian Moyne is CNRS research director at the Energy, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Lorraine, France.Alain Degiovanni is professor emeritus at the Energy, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Lorraine, France, and research director at the International University of Rabat, Morocco.

• Preface ixNomenclature xiChapter 1 Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Surfaces 11.1 General: definitions 11.1.1 Type of radiation 11.1.2 Definitions 31.2 Laws of radiation 81.2.1 Lambert’s law 81.2.2 Physical laws 101.3 Reciprocal radiation of several surfaces 141.3.1 Radiosity and lost net flux 141.3.2 Geometric form factor 151.3.3 Flux calculation 161.3.4 Electrical analogy 181.4 Emission and absorption of gases 211.5 Solar radiation 221.5.1 Introduction 221.5.2 Geometric aspects 231.5.3 Atmospheric radiation 311.5.4 Solar radiation on the ground 331.6 Corrected exercises 411.6.1 Solar irradiance 411.6.2 Transmission of radiation 421.6.3 Dew formation 431.6.4 Influence of radiation on temperature measurements 461.6.5 Outdoor air temperature measurement 471.6.6 Apparent emissivity of a groove 491.6.7 Thermal equilibrium of a satellite 501.6.8 Heating of a filament bulb 511.6.9 Heat transfer by radiation in a refrigerated display case 531.6.10 Heating of a wall by radiation 551.6.11 Cooling a teapot 581.6.12 Study of thermal comfort 631.6.13 Calculation of the global loss coefficient of double glazing 66Chapter 2 Radiation Heat Transfer in Semi-transparent Media 712.1 General 712.2 Definitions 732.2.1 Monochromatic coefficients 732.2.2 Luminance and radiative heat flux vector 752.3 Radiation balance 792.3.1 Radiation balance equation 792.3.2 Divergence of radiative heat flux vector 832.3.3 Example of radiation balance: the semi-transparent wall 852.3.4 Integral form of the radiation balance equation or formal solution 872.4 Special cases 882.4.1 1D non-scattering medium (with azimuthal symmetry) 882.4.2 Medium neither absorbent nor emissive 902.4.3 Optically thick medium 912.5 Conditions at the boundaries 942.5.1 Transparent boundaries 962.5.2 Opaque and black boundaries 962.5.3 Opaque boundaries, with diffuse emission and reflection 972.5.4 Opaque boundaries, diffuse emission, specular reflection 1002.5.5 Semi-transparent interface 1002.6 Example of an approximate solution: two-flux or Schuster–Schwarzschild approximation 1022.6.1 Radiation balance 1032.6.2 Special case of the gray medium 1042.6.3 Special case of the gray and cold environment 1052.7 Conduction–radiation coupling 1082.7.1 Optically thick, gray and isotropically scattering medium 1092.7.2 Purely scattering medium 1102.7.3 Thin film model (low optical thickness) 1122.7.4 Quadrupole for a non-scattering semi-transparent medium 1122.8 Corrected exercises 1132.8.1 Luminance of a semi-infinite medium 1132.8.2 Measuring the temperature of an oven through a piece of glass 1142.8.3 Radiative transfer between two opaque plates 1162.8.4 Characterization of a cold semi-transparent medium 1242.8.5 Characterization of a thin semi-transparent medium by flash method 1282.8.6 Modeling the equivalent thermal conductivity of glass wool 1302.8.7 Modeling a thermal conductivity measurement by hot plates 1322.8.8 Calculation of the radiative properties of a plane wall 136Chapter 3 Introduction to Heat Exchangers 1433.1 Double-pipe heat exchangers 1433.1.1 General: definitions 1433.1.2 Expression of the exchanged heat flow rate 1443.1.3 Efficiency of a heat exchanger 1513.1.4 Number of transfer units 1533.1.5 Calculation of a heat exchanger 1543.2 Complex bundle heat exchangers 1553.2.1 General 1553.2.2 1–2 Heat exchanger 1563.2.3 2–4 Heat exchanger 1573.2.4 Cross flow heat exchanger 1573.2.5 Refrigeration heat exchangers 1593.3 Corrected exercises 1623.3.1 Comparison of different types of heat exchangers 1623.3.2 Calculation of a cross flow heat exchanger 1653.3.3 Calculation of a plate heat exchanger 1673.3.4 Calculation of an embedded evaporator 1703.3.5 Sizing a condenser 172Chapter 4 Flat Plate Solar Collectors 1774.1 Principle 1774.2 Global heat balance 1784.2.1 Efficiencies of a solar collector 1794.3 Thermal balances of the different constituents 1814.3.1 Type 1 covered solar collector 1814.3.2 Type 2 covered solar collector 1864.3.3 Type 3 uncovered solar collector 1874.3.4 Type 4 uncovered solar collector 1894.3.5 Resolution method 1904.4 Heat flow rate gained by the fluid as a function of the temperatures 1914.4.1 Type 1 and 3 collectors 1914.4.2 Type 2 and 4 collectors 1934.5 Other characteristic quantities 1984.5.1 Threshold radiation 1984.5.2 Limit temperature 1984.5.3 Pressure loss 1994.6 Calculation method for a solar collector 2004.6.1 Simulation of a solar collector 2004.6.2 Simulation of a solar collector coupled to a storage 2014.6.3 Dimensioning 2024.6.4 Approximate calculation 2024.7 Corrected exercises 2034.7.1 Calculation of the loss coefficient of different types of collectors 2034.7.2 Air heating in a solar collector 2074.7.3 Solar water heater with covered tube collector 2114.7.4 Collector-storage type solar water heater 2154.7.5 Separate elements solar water heater 2214.7.6 Collector with a cover semi-transparent to IR 223Appendices 231References 265Index 269Summary of Volume 1 273

Yves Jannot is a CNRS research engineer at the Energy, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Lorraine, France.Christian Moyne is CNRS research director at the Energy, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Lorraine, France.Alain Degiovanni is professor emeritus at the Energy, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Lorraine, France, and research director at the International University of Rabat, Morocco.

• Preface ixNomenclature xiChapter 1 Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Surfaces 11.1 General: definitions 11.1.1 Type of radiation 11.1.2 Definitions 31.2 Laws of radiation 81.2.1 Lambert’s law 81.2.2 Physical laws 101.3 Reciprocal radiation of several surfaces 141.3.1 Radiosity and lost net flux 141.3.2 Geometric form factor 151.3.3 Flux calculation 161.3.4 Electrical analogy 181.4 Emission and absorption of gases 211.5 Solar radiation 221.5.1 Introduction 221.5.2 Geometric aspects 231.5.3 Atmospheric radiation 311.5.4 Solar radiation on the ground 331.6 Corrected exercises 411.6.1 Solar irradiance 411.6.2 Transmission of radiation 421.6.3 Dew formation 431.6.4 Influence of radiation on temperature measurements 461.6.5 Outdoor air temperature measurement 471.6.6 Apparent emissivity of a groove 491.6.7 Thermal equilibrium of a satellite 501.6.8 Heating of a filament bulb 511.6.9 Heat transfer by radiation in a refrigerated display case 531.6.10 Heating of a wall by radiation 551.6.11 Cooling a teapot 581.6.12 Study of thermal comfort 631.6.13 Calculation of the global loss coefficient of double glazing 66Chapter 2 Radiation Heat Transfer in Semi-transparent Media 712.1 General 712.2 Definitions 732.2.1 Monochromatic coefficients 732.2.2 Luminance and radiative heat flux vector 752.3 Radiation balance 792.3.1 Radiation balance equation 792.3.2 Divergence of radiative heat flux vector 832.3.3 Example of radiation balance: the semi-transparent wall 852.3.4 Integral form of the radiation balance equation or formal solution 872.4 Special cases 882.4.1 1D non-scattering medium (with azimuthal symmetry) 882.4.2 Medium neither absorbent nor emissive 902.4.3 Optically thick medium 912.5 Conditions at the boundaries 942.5.1 Transparent boundaries 962.5.2 Opaque and black boundaries 962.5.3 Opaque boundaries, with diffuse emission and reflection 972.5.4 Opaque boundaries, diffuse emission, specular reflection 1002.5.5 Semi-transparent interface 1002.6 Example of an approximate solution: two-flux or Schuster–Schwarzschild approximation 1022.6.1 Radiation balance 1032.6.2 Special case of the gray medium 1042.6.3 Special case of the gray and cold environment 1052.7 Conduction–radiation coupling 1082.7.1 Optically thick, gray and isotropically scattering medium 1092.7.2 Purely scattering medium 1102.7.3 Thin film model (low optical thickness) 1122.7.4 Quadrupole for a non-scattering semi-transparent medium 1122.8 Corrected exercises 1132.8.1 Luminance of a semi-infinite medium 1132.8.2 Measuring the temperature of an oven through a piece of glass 1142.8.3 Radiative transfer between two opaque plates 1162.8.4 Characterization of a cold semi-transparent medium 1242.8.5 Characterization of a thin semi-transparent medium by flash method 1282.8.6 Modeling the equivalent thermal conductivity of glass wool 1302.8.7 Modeling a thermal conductivity measurement by hot plates 1322.8.8 Calculation of the radiative properties of a plane wall 136Chapter 3 Introduction to Heat Exchangers 1433.1 Double-pipe heat exchangers 1433.1.1 General: definitions 1433.1.2 Expression of the exchanged heat flow rate 1443.1.3 Efficiency of a heat exchanger 1513.1.4 Number of transfer units 1533.1.5 Calculation of a heat exchanger 1543.2 Complex bundle heat exchangers 1553.2.1 General 1553.2.2 1–2 Heat exchanger 1563.2.3 2–4 Heat exchanger 1573.2.4 Cross flow heat exchanger 1573.2.5 Refrigeration heat exchangers 1593.3 Corrected exercises 1623.3.1 Comparison of different types of heat exchangers 1623.3.2 Calculation of a cross flow heat exchanger 1653.3.3 Calculation of a plate heat exchanger 1673.3.4 Calculation of an embedded evaporator 1703.3.5 Sizing a condenser 172Chapter 4 Flat Plate Solar Collectors 1774.1 Principle 1774.2 Global heat balance 1784.2.1 Efficiencies of a solar collector 1794.3 Thermal balances of the different constituents 1814.3.1 Type 1 covered solar collector 1814.3.2 Type 2 covered solar collector 1864.3.3 Type 3 uncovered solar collector 1874.3.4 Type 4 uncovered solar collector 1894.3.5 Resolution method 1904.4 Heat flow rate gained by the fluid as a function of the temperatures 1914.4.1 Type 1 and 3 collectors 1914.4.2 Type 2 and 4 collectors 1934.5 Other characteristic quantities 1984.5.1 Threshold radiation 1984.5.2 Limit temperature 1984.5.3 Pressure loss 1994.6 Calculation method for a solar collector 2004.6.1 Simulation of a solar collector 2004.6.2 Simulation of a solar collector coupled to a storage 2014.6.3 Dimensioning 2024.6.4 Approximate calculation 2024.7 Corrected exercises 2034.7.1 Calculation of the loss coefficient of different types of collectors 2034.7.2 Air heating in a solar collector 2074.7.3 Solar water heater with covered tube collector 2114.7.4 Collector-storage type solar water heater 2154.7.5 Separate elements solar water heater 2214.7.6 Collector with a cover semi-transparent to IR 223Appendices 231References 265Index 269Summary of Volume 1 273

Yves Jannot is a CNRS research engineer at the Energy, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Lorraine, France.Christian Moyne is CNRS research director at the Energy, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Lorraine, France.Alain Degiovanni is professor emeritus at the Energy, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory of the University of Lorraine, France, and research director at the International University of Rabat, Morocco.

• Preface ixNomenclature xiChapter 1 Heat Transfer by Radiation Between Surfaces 11.1 General: definitions 11.1.1 Type of radiation 11.1.2 Definitions 31.2 Laws of radiation 81.2.1 Lambert’s law 81.2.2 Physical laws 101.3 Reciprocal radiation of several surfaces 141.3.1 Radiosity and lost net flux 141.3.2 Geometric form factor 151.3.3 Flux calculation 161.3.4 Electrical analogy 181.4 Emission and absorption of gases 211.5 Solar radiation 221.5.1 Introduction 221.5.2 Geometric aspects 231.5.3 Atmospheric radiation 311.5.4 Solar radiation on the ground 331.6 Corrected exercises 411.6.1 Solar irradiance 411.6.2 Transmission of radiation 421.6.3 Dew formation 431.6.4 Influence of radiation on temperature measurements 461.6.5 Outdoor air temperature measurement 471.6.6 Apparent emissivity of a groove 491.6.7 Thermal equilibrium of a satellite 501.6.8 Heating of a filament bulb 511.6.9 Heat transfer by radiation in a refrigerated display case 531.6.10 Heating of a wall by radiation 551.6.11 Cooling a teapot 581.6.12 Study of thermal comfort 631.6.13 Calculation of the global loss coefficient of double glazing 66Chapter 2 Radiation Heat Transfer in Semi-transparent Media 712.1 General 712.2 Definitions 732.2.1 Monochromatic coefficients 732.2.2 Luminance and radiative heat flux vector 752.3 Radiation balance 792.3.1 Radiation balance equation 792.3.2 Divergence of radiative heat flux vector 832.3.3 Example of radiation balance: the semi-transparent wall 852.3.4 Integral form of the radiation balance equation or formal solution 872.4 Special cases 882.4.1 1D non-scattering medium (with azimuthal symmetry) 882.4.2 Medium neither absorbent nor emissive 902.4.3 Optically thick medium 912.5 Conditions at the boundaries 942.5.1 Transparent boundaries 962.5.2 Opaque and black boundaries 962.5.3 Opaque boundaries, with diffuse emission and reflection 972.5.4 Opaque boundaries, diffuse emission, specular reflection 1002.5.5 Semi-transparent interface 1002.6 Example of an approximate solution: two-flux or Schuster–Schwarzschild approximation 1022.6.1 Radiation balance 1032.6.2 Special case of the gray medium 1042.6.3 Special case of the gray and cold environment 1052.7 Conduction–radiation coupling 1082.7.1 Optically thick, gray and isotropically scattering medium 1092.7.2 Purely scattering medium 1102.7.3 Thin film model (low optical thickness) 1122.7.4 Quadrupole for a non-scattering semi-transparent medium 1122.8 Corrected exercises 1132.8.1 Luminance of a semi-infinite medium 1132.8.2 Measuring the temperature of an oven through a piece of glass 1142.8.3 Radiative transfer between two opaque plates 1162.8.4 Characterization of a cold semi-transparent medium 1242.8.5 Characterization of a thin semi-transparent medium by flash method 1282.8.6 Modeling the equivalent thermal conductivity of glass wool 1302.8.7 Modeling a thermal conductivity measurement by hot plates 1322.8.8 Calculation of the radiative properties of a plane wall 136Chapter 3 Introduction to Heat Exchangers 1433.1 Double-pipe heat exchangers 1433.1.1 General: definitions 1433.1.2 Expression of the exchanged heat flow rate 1443.1.3 Efficiency of a heat exchanger 1513.1.4 Number of transfer units 1533.1.5 Calculation of a heat exchanger 1543.2 Complex bundle heat exchangers 1553.2.1 General 1553.2.2 1–2 Heat exchanger 1563.2.3 2–4 Heat exchanger 1573.2.4 Cross flow heat exchanger 1573.2.5 Refrigeration heat exchangers 1593.3 Corrected exercises 1623.3.1 Comparison of different types of heat exchangers 1623.3.2 Calculation of a cross flow heat exchanger 1653.3.3 Calculation of a plate heat exchanger 1673.3.4 Calculation of an embedded evaporator 1703.3.5 Sizing a condenser 172Chapter 4 Flat Plate Solar Collectors 1774.1 Principle 1774.2 Global heat balance 1784.2.1 Efficiencies of a solar collector 1794.3 Thermal balances of the different constituents 1814.3.1 Type 1 covered solar collector 1814.3.2 Type 2 covered solar collector 1864.3.3 Type 3 uncovered solar collector 1874.3.4 Type 4 uncovered solar collector 1894.3.5 Resolution method 1904.4 Heat flow rate gained by the fluid as a function of the temperatures 1914.4.1 Type 1 and 3 collectors 1914.4.2 Type 2 and 4 collectors 1934.5 Other characteristic quantities 1984.5.1 Threshold radiation 1984.5.2 Limit temperature 1984.5.3 Pressure loss 1994.6 Calculation method for a solar collector 2004.6.1 Simulation of a solar collector 2004.6.2 Simulation of a solar collector coupled to a storage 2014.6.3 Dimensioning 2024.6.4 Approximate calculation 2024.7 Corrected exercises 2034.7.1 Calculation of the loss coefficient of different types of collectors 2034.7.2 Air heating in a solar collector 2074.7.3 Solar water heater with covered tube collector 2114.7.4 Collector-storage type solar water heater 2154.7.5 Separate elements solar water heater 2214.7.6 Collector with a cover semi-transparent to IR 223Appendices 231References 265Index 269Summary of Volume 1 273