Hearing Science Fundamentals

Norman J. Lass, PhD, was Professor Emeritus at West Virginia University in Morgantown, WV. Dr. Lass was a faculty member for more than 40 years and taught courses in speech and hearing science throughout his time at West Virginia University.Jeremy J. Donai, AuD, PhD, is an associate professor and audiology program director at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC). Dr. Donai also serves as the director of the Auditory Perception Lab at TTUHSC. Over his career, Dr. Donai has had significant clinical, teaching, and research experience at multiple universities. His research involves the study of high-frequency speech energy. Dr. Donai has taught courses in amplification, psychoacoustics, research, audiology business practice, anatomy and physiology, and counseling. He is the coauthor of Clinical Research Methods in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Fourth Edition and Audiology Review: Preparing for the Praxis and Comprehensive Examinations, both published by Plural Publishing.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsContributorsReviewersSection I. AcousticsChapter 1. Basic AcousticsSoundSinusoidal MotionSpatial ConceptsAmplitudeWavelength ( )Temporal ConceptsCyclePeriodFrequencyPhaseVelocityFrequency/Period RelationshipFrequency/Wavelength RelationshipSound Propagation and InterferenceComplex SoundsPeriodicity Versus AperiodicityResonanceCavity (Acoustical) ResonanceFrequency Response CurveEar Canal AnalogyThe DecibelComputational PerspectiveHearing Threshold Level, Audiometric Zero (0 dB HL), and Decibel (dB) Sensation Level (SL) SummaryRecommended ReadingsReferences Chapter 2. Review of Speech AcousticsHelen A. Boyd-Pratt and Jeremy J. DonaiSource-Filter Theory and Vocal Tract AnatomyAcoustic MeasuresFundamental FrequencyVoice Onset TimeRoot Mean Square AmplitudeFormants (Spectral Resonances)Long-Term Average Spectrum (LTAS)Speech Sound ClassificationConsonant ClassificationVowel ClassificationSpeech Intelligibility Index (SII) and Count-the-Dots AudiogramSIICount-the-Dots AudiogramLing 6 Sounds TestSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 3. Digital Signal ProcessingAmplitude Quantization and Sampling FrequencyAliasing and Anti-Aliasing FilteringFilteringWindowingFrequency Versus Time Tradeoff (Frequency Resolution Versus Temporal Resolution)Pre-EmphasisDigital Hearing Aid Signal ProcessingCompressionDirectional Microphones and Digital Noise ReductionSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesSection II. Structure and Function Chapter 4. Anatomy and Physiology of the Conductive Auditory MechanismOuter EarAuricle (Pinna)External Auditory Meatus (Outer Ear Canal)Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)Middle EarTympanic Cavity Proper (Tympanum)MalleusIncusStapesMiddle Ear MusclesFunction of the Conductive MechanismNon-Acoustic FunctionAcoustic FunctionImpedanceImpedance MismatchAuditory (Eustachian) TubeAction of the Middle Ear MusclesSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 5. Anatomy and Physiology of the Sensory Auditory MechanismInner EarFunction of the Sensory MechanismMechanical PropertiesActive ProcessesCochlear ElectrophysiologyResting PotentialPotentials Seen as Response to StimulationSingle-Cell Electrical ActivityPhase LockingSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 6. Anatomy and Physiology of the Central Auditory MechanismAfferent Central Auditory PathwayInterhemispheric ConnectionsEfferent Central Auditory PathwaySummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesSection III. Psychoacoustics Chapter 7. Normal HearingStimulus CharacteristicsStimulus FrequencyStimulus DurationStimulus IntensityMethods of Stimulus PresentationEarphonesSpeakersAssessment of Auditory SensitivityMethod of LimitsMethod of AdjustmentMethod of Constant StimuliListener (Subject) VariablesAge VariationWhat Is Normal Hearing?Localization of SoundInteraural Intensity (Level) Cues for LocalizationInteraural Time (Phase) Cues for LocalizationAuditory Scene AnalysisHearing by Bone ConductionBone Conduction in Clinical AudiologySummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 8. Binaural ProcessingKatharine FitzharrisAdvantages of Binaural HearingListening in NoiseBinaural SquelchDirectional HearingLocalizationLateralizationVertical LocalizationMinimal Audible Angle (MAA)Minimal Audible Movement Angle (MAMA)Distance PerceptionPrecedence EffectDisadvantages of Binaural HearingPhysiology of Binaural HearingAfferent PathwaysEfferent PathwaysSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferences Chapter 9. MaskingMasker-Signal Relationship and Sound LevelMasking of Tones by Other TonesMasking of Tones by Narrow Noise BandsThe Critical BandMasking of Tones by Wide Noise BandsSpecial Cases of MaskingTemporal MaskingMasking Level Difference (MLD)Spatial Release from MaskingEnergetic and Informational MaskingMasking in Clinical AudiologySummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 10. Temporal ProcessingNeural Physiology Temporal Fine Structure and Temporal EnvelopeDip ListeningModulation Rate and Modulation DepthTemporal Processing SkillsTemporal IntegrationTemporal ResolutionTemporal PatterningTemporal MaskingSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 11. Loudness and PitchLoudnessPitchResidue Pitch and the Missing FundamentalSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 12. Differential SensitivityThe Fechner-Weber FractionDifference Limen for IntensityDifference Limen for FrequencyTemporal DiscriminationSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 13. Signal Detection TheoryResponse DistributionsResponse TypesSensitivity and SpecificityResponse BiasDiscriminability Index (d') and ROC CurvesCeiling and Floor EffectsSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 14. Auditory Perception and Hearing ImpairmentOuter Hair Cell (OHC) DamageAuditory RecruitmentInner Hair Cell (IHC) DamageCochlear Dead RegionsAuditory Nerve DamageEffects on Frequency SelectivityAuditory Excitation PatternsEffects on Temporal ProcessingSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesSection IV. Pathologies of the Auditory MechanismsChapter 15. Pathologies of the Conductive Auditory MechanismPathologies of the Outer EarAuricleChondritis and Cauliflower EarExternal Auditory CanalImpacted CerumenPathologies of the Middle EarEustachian Tube (Auditory Tube)Otitis MediaMastoiditisCholesteatomaPathologies of the Middle Ear OssiclesOtosclerosisOssicular DiscontinuitySummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 16. Pathologies of the Sensory Auditory MechanismInner Ear PathologiesCochleaAuditory and Non-Auditory Effects of NoiseNoise-Induced Hearing LossSocioacusis and PresbycusisMeniere's DiseaseSudden Sensorineural Hearing LossOtotoxicityAuditory NerveAcoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma) Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum DisorderSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesChapter 17. Pathologies of the Central Auditory Mechanism(Central) Auditory Processing DefinitionSigns and Symptoms(C)APD EvaluationBehavioral (Central) Auditory Skill Areas Auditory Figure GroundLow-Redundancy SpeechDichotic ListeningTemporal ProcessingElectrophysiological AssessmentNeural Response OverviewManagement StrategiesEnvironmental ModificationsCompensatory StrategiesAuditory TrainingAssistive Listening TechnologyPathologies of the Central Auditory PathwayTraumatic Brain InjuryCortical/Central DeafnessCerebrovascular AccidentMultiple SclerosisSummaryRecommended ReadingsReferencesGlossaryIndex