Hearing in Children

Jerry L. Northern, PhD, is Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado School of Medicine where he served as Head of the Audiology Clinical Services for more than 26 years. Dr. Northern is a native of Denver, Colorado where he was raised by his deaf grandparents and grew up using American Sign Language. He holds a BA degree in Experimental Psychology from Colorado College, Master's Degrees from Gallaudet University of Washington DC and the University of Denver and he earned his PhD degree in Audiology at the University of Colorado. He served in the US Army Medical Services Corps during the Viet Nam Conflict as the Assistant Director of the US Army Audiology and Speech Pathology Center at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. A prolific writer and editor of several professional journals, he has authored nearly a dozen textbooks in the areas of hearing and hearing disorders including five editions of Hearing in Children (co-authored with Marion Downs) and three editions of Hearing Disorders. Dr Northern also co-authored the highly successful textbook, Probe Microphone Measurements: Hearing aid selection and fitting along with Drs. Gustav Mueller and David Hawkins. His professional activities have included clinical practice, teaching, medical-legal and industry consultation, clinical and basic research, as well as extensive lecturing in some 25 countries. Dr. Northern is a Founding Member of the American Academy of Audiology and served as the national organization's third President. He founded the continuing audiology education journal, Seminars in Hearing and served as its editor for 20 years, and was editor-publisher of the Bulletin of the American Academy of Audiology, Audiology Today for nearly 15 years. He has been honored by numerous organizations for his career contributions to the field of audiology. He currently continues his consulting activities in audiology and is busy at work with a new sixth edition of Hearing in Children. Marion P. Downs

• Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Hearing and Hearing Loss in Children Hearing Loss in Children - A Hidden Disability How We Hear The Nature of Hearing Loss Demographics of Childhood Hearing Loss Acoustics of Speech Team Management of Children with Hearing Impairment Audiologists with Specialty Training in Pediatric Hearing Loss Chapter 2: Early Development Basic Principles of Genetic Inheritance Inheritance of Genetic Disorders Abnormalities Related to Gene/Environment Interaction Prenatal Development Fetal Development Development of Ears, Face and Palate The Nursery Environment Disorders of the Infant Respiratory System Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Disorders of the Central Nervous System Congenital Infections Genetic Counseling Chapter 3: Auditory and Speech-Language Development Neuroplasticity Prenatal Hearing Neonatal Hearing Development Development of Oral Communication Questionnaires for Parents Studies of Speech Development Optimal Periods Listening Auditory Processing in Children Chapter 4: Medical Aspects Medical Conditions of the External Ear Otitis Media Medical Disorders and Sensorineural Hearing Loss Childhood Infections Associated with Hearing Loss Cleft Palate Down Syndrome Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD) Chapter 5: Early Intervention Early Intervention Services Implementation of Early Intervention Federal Mandates Cornerstones of Early Intervention Optimal Early Intervention Strategies Family-Centered Services Breaking the News to Parents The Audiologist's Self-Understanding Intervention Strategies for the Child with Otitis Media Telepractice and Teleaudiology Hearing Dogs Chapter 6: Behavioral Hearing Tests The Audiologist and the Child The Case History Reinforcement Theory Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA): 6 Months to 2 Years of Age Conditioned Play Audiometry With Children Ages 2-4 Years Pediatric Speech Audiometry Speech Perception Testing Hearing Testing in the Older Child (5 Years and Older) Evaluating Hearing of Difficult-to-Test Children Functional Hearing Loss in Children Chapter 7: Physiologic Hearing Tests Managing Toddlers for Physiologic Hearing Tests Acoustic Immittance Measures Clinical Applications of the Immittance Battery With Children Otoacoustic Emissions Evoked Auditory Responses Auditory Brainstem Evoked Responses (ABR) Auditory Middle-Latency Evoked Responses (MLR) Late Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs) Auditory Steady-State Responses (ASSR) Electrocochleography Sedation Vestibular Evaluation in Children Summary of Physiologic Auditory Testing Chapter 8: Hearing Screening Principles of Screening Genetic Screening History of Newborn Hearing Screening Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Hearing Screening: Birth Through 6 Months Hearing Screening: Infants and Toddlers (7 Months to 3 Years) Hearing Screening Preschool Children (3 to 5 Years) Hearing Screening School-Age Children (5 to 18 Years) Screening for Middle Ear Disorders Hearing Screening of the Developmentally Delayed Child Screening Follow-Up Issues Chapter 9: Amplification Pediatric Hearing Aid Fitting The Hearing Aid Hearing Aids for Children The Pediatric Hearing Aid Fitting Process Probe Microphone Measurements Prescriptive Fitting Methods Binaural Hearing Aids Frequency Response Hearing Aid Output The Earmold and Sound Channel Monitoring Children's Hearing Aids Pediatric Cochlear Implants Chapter 10: Education The Educational Audiologist Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act (IDEA) Educational Goals for the Child With Hearing Loss Current Status of Education Challenges in Teaching Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Students Implementing the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) Educational Methodologies Mainstream Education Classroom Acoustics Personal FM Systems Parent Education Appendix A. Pediatric Hearing Disorders Appendix B. Guidelines for Identification and Management of Infants and Young Children with Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder References Author Index Subject Index